Definitions, Types Characteristic of Drama free essay sample

Dramatization is the particular method of fiction spoke to in execution. The term originates from a Greek word importance activity which is gotten from the action word significance to do or to act. Show, in some structure, is found in pretty much every general public, crude and enlightened, and served a wide assortment of capacities in the network. It is a one of a kind abstract structure since it is intended to be carried on a phase before a group of people, where entertainers play the jobs of the characters, play out the showed activity, and express the composed exchange. It is a sanctioned fiction principally dependent on emulate activity. That is, show is something that one goes to see, and which is initially sorted out to be seen instead of to be perused. A few masters have characterized dramatization as the most rich articulation of thought closest to reality, the most solid structure wherein workmanship can reproduce human circumstances and connections, and the most wide extending of the considerable number of expressions: it speak to life, however it is additionally a method of seeing it. ? 2. Qualities of Drama The significant attributes of dramatization are as per the following: 2. 1. Characters: Characters are the individuals in the plays plot. Most plays have a round, significant characters and level, minor characters. The principle characters are progressively imperative to a work and normally have a greater part to play. Miranda from Shakespeares Tempest is a case of a primary character. We find out much about her qualities all through the play, and she assumes a major job in the compromise of the characters close to the furthest limit of the play. Then again, minor characters are less significant. A case of a minor character is Marcellus from the play Hamlet, whose job is just to illuminate about Hamlets fathers phantom. We don't know nor do we have to know anything about his character or what befalls him from that point. He just leaves in harmony. Lets investigate the various characters. - Protagonist: The primary character, ordinarily the person who gets the activity under way. Model: Hamlet is the hero in the play Hamlet. - Antagonist: The character that remains as adversary to the hero is known as the opponent. He is the scalawag. Model: Claudius is the significant adversary in the play Hamlet as he stands out pointedly from the primary character in the play. - Foil: A character whose attributes appear differently in relation to those of another character. Journalists use foil to accentuate contrasts between two characters. For instance, an attractive however dull character may be a foil for one who is ugly yet powerful. By utilizing foil, creators point out the qualities or shortcomings of a principle character. Model: In Hamlet, the enthusiastic and speedy to activity Laertes is a foil for the intelligent Hamlet. - Confidant: A character that listens closely and gives his contribution to for the most part the hero is an associate. This sort of character is most normally a dearest companion or confided in hireling of the principle character, who fills in as a gadget for uncovering the psyche and goal of the primary character. The partners inputs are uncovered distinctly to the crowd and not to different characters in the play. Model: In Hamlet, Horatio is the comrade. - Stock characters: A cliché character who isn't created as an individual however as an assortment of attributes and idiosyncrasies evidently shared by all individuals from a gathering. These characters are effectively perceived by crowd because of their repetitive appearance and recognizable jobs. Model: A comic, a hireling, a numb-skull, a quitter, a guileless stepmother, and devilish witch. Each character is unmistakable from the other and must have their own impossible to miss character, foundation, and convictions. The peculiarities and utilization of language also may contrast. The manner in which the characters in the play are treated by the writer is essential to the manifestation of the play. 2. 2. Exchange: The words expressed by characters in a play frames a discourse. The discourse uncovers the plot and characters of the play. What is spoken must be appropriate to the circumstance and the job of the character. Things that are said in front of an audience may take on more noteworthy worth or run of the mill characteristics than very similar things said in ordinary discourse. Great sensational discourse includes a legitimate development of words verbally expressed in the suitable setting. It additionally includes saying what isn't uninviting or what is evident straight away. Great discourse reveals insight into the character talking and the one addressed, or spoken about, and helps in the advancement of the plot. Discourse may take different structures:- - A trade between at least two characters. Titinius: These news will well solace Cassius. Messala: Where did you leave him? Titinus: All hopeless, With Pindarus his bondman, on this slope. Messala: Is not that he lies upon the ground? - Soliloquy: A character that is ordinarily alone in front of an audience conveying a long discourse which is known as a speech. Feelings and deepest contemplations of the character are uncovered in a discourse. [They exit. ANTONY remains. ] ANTONY. O, excuse me, thou draining bit of earth, That I am compliant and delicate with these butchers! Thou workmanship the vestiges of the noblest man That at any point lived in the tide of times. - Aside: This is spoken by a character to another character or to the crowd however isn't heard by different characters in front of an audience. Asides uncover what a character is thinking or feeling. Caesar. Old buddies, go in and taste some wine with me, And we (like companions) will straightway go together. Brutus (aside) . That each like isn't the equivalent, O Caesar, The core of Brutus gains to think upon. [Exeunt. ] 2. 3. Plot: The plot is occasions that happen in a story successively. Ordinarily the presentation of the characters in the start of the play gives the crowd a thought regarding what the plot possibly. This data will edify the crowd with regards to why characters carry on the manner in which they do and an occurrence possibly expected to surface that will make an issue for the fundamental characters. As the activity elevates, the characters experience the issue and end up in a tough situation. The contention in a plot may shift be that as it may, in any case, it shapes the reason for the plot. The contention drives the characters starting with one occurrence then onto the next unfurling the plot and expanding the tension and fervor of the peruser or watcher. The defining moment of the plot is known as the peak when the result of the contention happens. The peak takes a few structures. It might be a disclosure of data or it might be a choice or an activity. It is where tension does not exist anymore. The plot is pivotal for the accomplishment of a play. 2. 4. Setting: The setting and time in a play disclose to us where the story occurred and the time it happened. The setting is significant in light of the fact that what as a rule occurs in the play is impacted by it. Visual parts of a setting perhaps constrained to a painted tree, an extension, or a hovel, or it could be increasingly intricate. Moves in reality are frequently shown by the on-screen characters through their discourse and developments. In setting, the lighting assumes a significant job for it shows a hallucination of time. Lighting additionally might be utilized to concentrate on an activity or stress the significance of an occasion. Outfits and props also are associated with setting. Ensembles are utilized to depict a characters calling, status, ethnicity, age, etc. Props are things utilized by entertainers in front of an audience to make a climate of the play. These can be straightforward composing materials, seats and tables, blossoms, seats, blood-splashed garments, covers, and beds, etc. The impact made by the setting makes the disposition for a showy exhibition. 2. 5. Stage bearings: A crowd of people is provoked to respond by the developments or places of the on-screen characters in a play. It can develop strain, trigger giggling, or move the focal point of the crowd to an alternate piece of the stage. To accomplish this reason, the author conveys to the entertainers, executive, and the remainder of the group in the play by methods for stage bearings. He does this by methods for short expressions, generally imprinted in italics and encased in enclosures or sections. These bearings depict the appearance and activities of characters just as the sets, ensembles, props, audio cues, and lighting impacts. Stage bearings may likewise incorporate the characters non-verbal communication, outward appearances, and even the manner of speaking. Remarks or comments about the environmental factors and when a character enters or exits are additionally made in stage headings. In this manner stage headings assist us with understanding the sentiments of the character and the state of mind of the story. 2. 6. Topic: The topic really determines what the play implies. Or maybe expressing what occurs in the story, the topic manages the principle thought inside the story. Subject has been depicted as the spirit of the dramatization. The subject can either be obviously expressed through discourse or activity or can be derived from the whole execution. The finished up plot and subject in dramatization should supplement one another and ought to be synchronized to give a total yield. General subjects are: I. conflictbetween two people. ii. struggle among man and a heavenly force. iii. strife between the man and himself. 3. Kinds of Drama: Several classes exist inside show, each with their own narrating techniques, character types and sensational methodology. Dramatization is isolated into the classifications of catastrophe, satire, acting, and tragicomedy. Every one of these structures can be additionally partitioned by style and substance. 3. 1. Disaster: In his Poetics, Aristotle characterized Tragedy as: The impersonation of an activity that is not kidding and furthermore, as having size, total in itself; in language with pleasurable embellishments, every sort acquired independently in the pieces of the work; in sensational, not in a story structure; with occurrences exciting compassion and dread, wherewith to achieve its purification of such feelings. As a rule, catastrophe sensationalizes the contention between the indispensable individual life and the limitations of public activity. It is a show wherein a character experience a shocking end in his contention with an amazing sort of power, and at last comes to grasp the genuine estimation of his deeds. Disaster

Abigail Williams essays

Abigail Williams papers Arthur Miller portrays Abigail Williams in, The Crucible as a manipulative and malicious individual. She will in general be definitive in settling on an inappropriate choices; she harms others around her to get what she needs, john without anyone else and just for herself. Abigail diminishes profoundly of herself since she is deserving of delegate love yet Elizabeth isn't. She says, Oh, I wonder how such a tough man [can be with] such a debilitated wife(24 mill operator). This is the principle motivation behind why Abigail begins the entirety of the bits of gossip among the town. After Abigails brief issue with John delegate, she can't acknowledge the way that the relationship has finished. She says, I search for John Proctor that took me from my rest and put information in my heart... you cherished me John Proctor, and whatever wrongdoing it is, you love me yet(25 mill operator)! This distress makes her despise both delegate and his significant other; this hatred prompts the allegation of Elizabeth Proctor of black magic. Since she gets injured by John Proctor, She faces these, her own emergencies, by assisting with heightening and make a witch hunt(10 Johnson and Johnson). Close to the finish of the book john attempts to get Mary to admit about how everything done in the forested areas and how Abigail is lying. Abigail is gone up against with this and she lies about it. She at that point persuades the court that Mary is sending her spirit in the shape of a winged animal and is attempting to assault her. Being as naughty as she may be, she gets the entirety of the young ladies to follow her lead in the falsehoods. As Johnson and Johnson state, To get away from disclosure and discipline, Abby dreadfully redirects the consideration from revelation of her own offenses by pointing her finger at others(10). What's more, that is actually what she does all through the book to attempt to get her unparalleled darling John Proctor back. One motivation behind why Abigail clutches John is a direct result of how he is her first darling. John had thought about ... <!

How to Choose Between Essay Samples?

How to Choose Between Essay Samples?Looking for samples of process analysis essay? Looking for samples of process analysis essay? Well, you can do without those samples of process analysis essay. Process analysis essay needs to be written with very good communication skills and if you don't possess either of these, you will not be able to write an essay of such kind in a timely manner.The Essay has to be written quickly to avoid giving it any other significance than writing one well-written essay on the topic. In other words, the essay you write must have the last paragraph of your essay to give it a final hook. This is called as the hook. If you cannot write an essay like this in a very quick manner, you will not be able to finish in time.Before starting your essay, you must have a plan for yourself. You must know in which area you would like to focus your essay. This is important because you need to base your essay in the main aspect you are talking about and this will help you imm ensely in completing the whole essay in a very short span of time. Therefore, you need to make a plan of your essay before beginning.This would help you not only in making the essay more interesting but also in getting a clear picture about what exactly you are trying to write. The next thing is to prepare the ground for your essay. There are certain things that you need to concentrate upon while preparing the ground for your essay.Make sure that you have read the text several times. If the text is written well, it will certainly give you a deep insight into the subject. You will be able to understand better and this will help you in writing the essay with greater clarity.Point out the points that are worth highlighting within the text. This is essential in the preparation of your essay because it will keep you from failing due to one mistake. All the necessary points should be brought out during the essay so that the reader will be able to understand your arguments easily.Select th e multiple essay sample you are going to write. There are many different essay samples available. You need to choose from them. There are people who are trained in writing different essays and all you need to do is select one of the samples that you like the most and then put your unique ideas into it.Before you start writing the essay, make sure that you check whether the essay you are going to write is grammatically correct. You must learn how to write the essay properly so that you can convince the reader well enough. Also, don't let your fear of the audience get in the way of your writing. If you really fear the reader, it will affect your writing and you may end up wasting time and even end up creating a bad impression on the reader.

Appendix B Data Use Agreement Essay - 858 Words

Appendix B: Data Use Agreement DATA USE AGREEMENT This Data Use Agreement, effective as of 6/15/2016 , is entered into by and between Arlene Wacha (â€Å"Data Recipient†) and Dr. Stephen Genco, Superintendent of Jackson School District (â€Å"Data Provider†). The purpose of this Agreement is to provide Data Recipient with access to a Limited Data Set (â€Å"LDS†) for use in research in accord with the HIPAA and FERPA Regulations. 1. Definitions. Unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, all capitalized terms used in this Agreement not otherwise defined have the meaning established for purposes of the â€Å"HIPAA Regulations† codified at Title 45 parts 160 through 164 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, as amended from time to time. 2. Preparation of the LDS. Data Provider, Dr. Genco, shall prepare and furnish to Data Recipient, Arlene Wacha, a LDS in accord with any applicable HIPAA or FERPA Regulations 3. Data Fields in the LDS. 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Essay on Pros and Cons of Animal Testing - 2125 Words

Pro Animal Testing Animal testing has become a wide contribution in medical field in order to find new treatment, developing new medicines and improving the existing ones as well as testing the safety and effectiveness of new medicines. Some medicines development is depending on animal research, for instances, vaccines and insulin for diabetes and kidney transplants. However, there are many diseases that their cures are still undiscovered yet and one of them is AIDS (Tanir, 2012). Frankie L. Trull once said in his article of Animal Test Research Has Saved Many Human Lives, â€Å"[†¦] fight against cancer has seen 24 significant biomedical advances in the past 30 years. None of them could have occurred without animal research.† Therefore, this†¦show more content†¦This is because human body system is incredibly complex. Toxicity – Predicting the Potential Harmful Effects Another importance of animal testing is this testing makes large contribution in toxicity; a study of harmful effects of chemical substance on living organisms besides finding cure for human diseases (The MSPCA–Angell, 2013). In fact, Daston, Procter and Gamble made a clarification in their article of Alternatives in Reproductive Toxicity: A Way Forward, that animal tests are being relied on for the prediction of potential harm of chemicals which may affect human reproductive system. This is because, as some animals and human have identical characteristics in complex body system, animal tests that is conducted for evaluating toxicity of reproductive are designed to apply on the complete reproductive cycle. Those three authors also added that animal testing become a medium for good prediction of toxicity as animal body systems are as complex as human’s. Rather than testing the chemical substances on human which is used for predicting potential harmful effects on body sy stem, animal testing is the most appropriate and safest medium to save human lives. Benefits the Animals for Treatment Diseases Animal testing is not only beneficial to human but also animals, at least to those who are not used in the experiments, such as pets and endangered species. Along with researching for new treatments and medicines forShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing937 Words   |  4 PagesAbout Animal Testing? Kaylee Smith 9-6-2017 AGR 199 Introduction and Background Not very many people think about the fact that a majority of the products they buy have been tested on animals, let alone animal testing in general. Animal testing has been going on for many years, with the use of dogs, cats, mice, rabbits, mini pigs, and farm animals. When someone brings up animal testing there usually is an argument about the pros and cons. 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Wgu Nut1 Nursing Informatics - 1481 Words

NUT1 Task 1 Western Governors University NUT1 NUT1 Task 1 What is EMR? Electronic Medical Records â€Å"a paperless, digital and computerized system of maintaining patient data, designed to increase the efficiency and reduce documentation errors by streamlining the process.†(Santiago, n.d., para. 1) Benefits of EMR * Paper records can be reduced or completely eliminated. * Less time consuming. * Enhances efficiency. * Reduces errors in documentation, as the process of entering information is streamlined. * Improves and speeds up work flow. * Makes sharing of information across hospitals and healthcare providers possible. * Healthcare professionals have access to all pertinent health related information. *†¦show more content†¦* Reduction of medication errors- Barcode medication administration safeguards against wrong pt/wrong med/wrong dose errors and alerts to potential medication interactions (Goth, 2006). * Auditing and feedback reports- immediate access to quality indicator and patient feedback reports (Avatar reports) * Comprehensive patient records- all patient data including history, treatments, results and outcomes are available at a single electronic source. Project Coordination Team Responsible for selection, creation and implementation of the EMR system * Information Technology (IT) department-oversees technical aspects, maintenance and overall operation of the EMR system. * Senior Management- responsible for selection and purchase of EMR system, providing resources and training for team members, budgeting guidelines and establishing deadlines for task completion. * EMR Vendor * Physician Champions- Inputs the needs and feedback of team physicians. * Nurse Champions- Represents nursing team members. Inputs the needs and feedback of nurses and clinical departments. Multidisciplinary Team Champions- Inputs needs and feedback from interdisciplinary team members i.e.- pharmacy , laboratory, dietary etc Role of the Super User Super Users are select team members who have been extensively trained in the EMR system and whose primary role is to be accessible and act as a resource to team

The association between tax and liability - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: 1. From your firms financial statement, list each item of equity and write your understanding of each item. Discuss any changes in each item of equity for your firm over the past year articulating the reasons for the change. 2. What is your firms tax expense in its latest financial statements? 3. Is this figure the same as the company tax rate times your firms accounting income? Explain why this is, or is not, the case for your firm. 4. Comment on deferred tax assets/liabilities that is reported in the balance sheet articulating the possible reasons why they have been recorded. 5. Is there any current tax assets or income tax payable recorded by your company? Why is the income tax payable not the same as income tax expense? 6. Is the income tax expense shown in the income statement same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement? If not why is the difference? 7. What do you find interesting, confusing, surprising or difficult to understand about the treatment of tax in your firms financial statements? What new insights, if any, have you gained about how companies account for income tax as a result of examining your firms tax expense in its accounts? Answer: Answer 1 Different types of financial statements provide the overall picture of the financial health of the companies. Three major substances of the financial statements of the companies are Assets, Liabilities and Owners Equity (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). This part attempts to analyze all the items of equity of CSR Limited, Australia. According to 2017 Annual Report of CSR Limited, four items of equity of the company are Issued Capital, Reserves, Retained Profits and Non-Controlling Interests (csr.com.au, 2017). Issued capital refers to the share capital issued to the shareholders in order to raise capital for business operations. The latest annual report of CSR Limited shows a slight fall in issued capital in 2017 from 2016; that is $ 1036.8 in 2017 and $ 1041.1 in 2016 (csr.com.au, 2017). Total number of share issued in 2017 and 2016 are 504,480,858 and 505,700,315. Less number of issued shares is the reason for the decrease in issued capital in 2017 over 2016 (csr.com.au, 2017). The next item is Reserves. Reserves refer to the excess amount of money paid by the shareholders apart from the par value of shares. As per the annual report of CSR Limited, the amount of reserve was positive in 2016 that is $ 20.4 million; but in 2017, drastic decline in reserve can be observed and it has become negative that is $ (73. 4) million (csr.com.au, 2017). The major purpose of reserve in CSR Limited is reserve for hedge, restive for foreign currency transition, reserve for employee shares, reserve for share-based payment trust, non-controlling reserve and other reserves. In 2017, the major reasons for the decline in reserve are compensation of hedge loss in equity, transfer of hedge profit, recycling of foreign currency, disposal of equity investments, acquisition of treasury shares and non-controlling interest on subsidiary acquisition (Brigham Houston, 2012). The next item in equity is Retained Profit that is the total profit or loss of the organizations from foundation time. The annual report of CSR Limited shows a large increase in retained profit in 2017 from 2016; the amount is $ 191.6 million and $ 123.2 million in 2017 and 2016 respectively (csr.com.au, 2017). The main reason for CSR Limited to increase their retained profit is the increase in profit after tax. The next equity item is non-contro lling interests that shows a massive dip in 2017 as compared to 2016; that is $ 51.5 in 2017 and $ 132.5 in 2016 (csr.com.au, 2017). Answer 2 Companies have to incur different types of expenses like selling expenses, administrative expenses and other operating expenses. One of such important expense for CSR Limited is Tax Expenses. Tax expenses can be obtained by multiplying the tax rate with the before tax income of the companies after the process of tax reconciliation (Thomas Zhang, 2014). It needs to be mentioned that CSR Limited owes their business tax expenses to the government of Australia. According to the regulation of Australian Taxation Law, income tax rate for CSR Limited in 2017 and 2016 was 30%. According to the annual report of CSR Limited, decrease in income tax expenses can be seen; that is $ 61.7 million in 2017 and $ 64.4 million in 2016 (csr.com.au, 2017). CSR Limited has shows their total income tax expenses in two parts; they are Current Tax Expenses and Deferred Tax Expenses for the movement of deferred tax balances. Decrease in current tax expenses can be seen in 2017 from 2016; that is $ 29.3 milli on in 2017 and $ 43.9 million in 2016 (csr.com.au, 2017). On the contrary, increase in deferred tax expenses can be seen for CSR Limited in 2017 from 2016; that is $ 32.4 million in 2017 and $ 20.5 million in 2016. CSR Limited has $ 9.3 million and $ 34.5 million as income tax payable for their consolidated group; that are PGH Bricks Pavers Pty Limited and Gove Aluminium Finance Limited (csr.com.au, 2017). Answer 3 According to 2017 Annual Report of CSR Limited, the company has $ 266.8 million and $ 233.7 million as profit before income tax in 2017 and 2016 respectively. At the same time, CSR Limited has 30% tax rate applicable on profit before income tax (csr.com.au, 2017). In this tax rate, the tax expense of CSR Limited should be $ 80.0 million ($ 266.8 million*30%) in 2017 and $ 70.1 million ($ 233.7 million*30%) in 2017. However, the reported income tax expenses of CSR Limited are $ 61.7 million and $ 64.4 million in 2017 and 2016 respectively. It implies CSR Limited has clear differences between the actual and reported income tax expenses. The observation of the tax reconciliation statement of CSR Limited shows the presence of some specific factors that are responsible for this difference in CSR Tax expenses. These items are adjusted with the calculated tax expenses of CSR Limited after the payment of tax and thus, difference can be seen. The first item is share of net profit of joint ven ture entities. It implies that CSR Limited has earned some profit from their joint venture business and thus, it is required to deduct tax from that portion of profit (Dhaliwal et al., 2013). For this purpose, $ 4.3 million in 2017 and $ 3.7 million has been deducted (csr.com.au, 2017). The next item is non-taxable profit on property disposal. It needs to be mentioned that companies are required to pay tax on the income from disposal of any asset and the same has happened with CSR Limited. For this reason, CSR Limited had to deduct $ 1.9 million in 2017 and $ 5.9 million in 2016. The next substance is under payment and over payment of income tax in 2016 and 2015. For this reason, in 2016, CSR Limited received a tax refund of $ 3.0 million that has been added with the tax expenses. However, in 2017, CSR Limited had to pay the rest of income tax of 2016 that leads to the payment of $ 11.4 million as income tax in 2017 (csr.com.au, 2017). The next item is other items that include the i mpact of permanent differences regarding significant items (Armstrong, Blouin Larcker, 2012). For this reason, $ 0.7 million has been deducted in 2017 and $ 3.0 million has been added in 2016 (csr.com.au, 2017). These above-mentioned factors are responsible for creating difference in income tax expenses in the presence of same tax rate. Answer 4 There are many instances of the payment of extra amount of tax on the assets by the companies and these assets are called Deferred Tax Assets (Laux, 2013). On the other hand, companies have been seen to pay less amount of tax for the liabilities and they are called Deferred Tax Liabilities (Harrington, Smith Trippeer, 2012). In the balance sheet or statement of financial position of CSR Limited, the reporting of both deferred tax assets and liabilities can be observed. As per the statement of financial position of CSR Limited, in 2017 and 2016, the amounts of deferred income tax assets are $ 201.2 million and $ 239.3 million respectively (csr.com.au, 2017). The observation of the statement of financial position of CSR Limited shows that the company has not reported ant differed tax liabilities in 2017 and CSR Limited had $ 20.9 million in 2016 as deferred tax liabilities. Thus, the net deferred tax assets of CSR Limited are $ 201.2 million and $ 218.4 million in 2017 and 2016 respec tively (csr.com.au, 2017). There are some reasons in CSR Limited behind the recording of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The main reason is the cost of depreciation of the assets as difference can be seen in the value of depreciation in income statement and taxable income statement. In CSR Limited, the company has paid advance tax due to the difference in the cost of depreciation and thus, it has been considered as an asset for the company. The main reason for the recording of deferred tax liability is the less amount of tax payment. Answer 5 Current tax assets or income tax receivables generate when the companies have already paid excess income tax in advance. On the other hand, current tax liabilities or tax payable generate when the companies are supposed to pay certain amount of taxes of pervious year in the current year (Hutchens Rego, 2013). Both are important in tax treatment of the companies. As per the annual report of CSR Limited, the company has $ 0.5 million in 2017 and $ 0.5 million in 2016 as current tax assets (csr.com.au, 2017). In addition, the company has $ 10.3 million in 2017 and $ 38.1 million in 2016 as current tax liabilities. The annual report of CSR Limited also shows that the company has $ 61.7 million and $ 64.4 million as income expenses for 2017 and 2016 respectively (csr.com.au, 2017). It can be observed that there is a difference between income tax payable and income tax expenses. After observing the financial notes of income tax expenses of CSR Limited, it can be seen that the income tax e xpenses represents all expenses under for that particular year under tax; they are current tax expenses, deferred tax expenses and current tax payable. It implies that income tax payable is a part of the total income tax expenses of CSR Limited. In addition, the company many not pay the whole amount of income tax payable in the current year. Thus, for all these reasons, there is a difference between the amounts of income tax payable and income tax expenses of the company. Answer 6 In the financial statements, the companies use to report their tax expenses in two places; they are the Income Statement and Statement of Cash Flows. There is not any exception of this fact in case of CSR Limited. The annual report of CSR Limited shows the reporting of tax expenses by the company in Income statement and statement of cash flows. The amount of tax expenses in income statement is $ 61.7 million in 2017 and $ 64.4 million in 2016; and the amount of tax payment in the statement of cash flows is $ 52.7 million in 2017 and 14.6 million in 2016 (csr.com.au, 2017). Thus, a clear difference can be seen in the amounts of tax expenses reporting in income statement and statement of cash flow. It needs to be mentioned that statement of cash flow shows the amount of cash inflow or outflow due to the increase or decrease in the current assets and liabilities of the companies. It implies that the statement of cash flows only takes into consideration the current assets and current lia bilities. Now, the statement of financial position of CSR Limited states that only income tax payable comes under the head of current assets. Hence, it is clear that the statement of cash flows has only shown the payment of income tax payable and it has not included the tax expenses of this current year (Rego Wilson, 2012). For this reason, difference can be seen between the tax expenses in income statement and statement of cash flows. Answer 7 From the above discussions, it can be observed that CSR Limited has carried on their different tax treatments in a well controlled and interesting manner. It needs to be mentioned that CSR Limited has provided all the necessary justification as well as clarification of their tax treatment in the financial notes along with proper calculation. The most important part is tax reconciliation statement and the deferred tax statement. In the tax reconciliation statement, the company has mentioned about all the factors responsible for creating difference between the calculated and reported tax expenses. After observing the tax treatment of CSR Limited, one can come to know the reasons behind the difference in tax expenses recorded in income statement and statement of cash flows. As CSR Limited provided necessary supporting evidence to each tax treatment, it is very much helpful in developing deep insight about the manners of tax treatment of the companies. References Annual Meetings and Reports. (2018).Corporate. Retrieved 6 January 2018, from https://www.csr.com.au/investor-relations-and-news/annual-meetings-and-reports Armstrong, C. S., Blouin, J. L., Larcker, D. F. (2012). The incentives for tax planning.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), 391-411. Brigham, E. F., Ehrhardt, M. C. (2013).Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E. F., Houston, J. F. (2012).Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Dhaliwal, D. S., Kaplan, S. E., Laux, R. C., Weisbrod, E. (2013). The information content of tax expense for firms reporting losses.Journal of Accounting Research,51(1), 135-164. Harrington, C., Smith, W., Trippeer, D. (2012). Deferred tax assets and liabilities: tax benefits, obligations and corporate debt policy.Journal of Finance and Accountancy,11, 1. Hutchens, M., Rego, S. (2013). Tax risk and the cost of equity capital.Available at SSRN9. Laux, R. C. (2013). The association between deferred tax assets and liabilities and future tax payments.The Accounting Review,88(4), 1357-1383. Rego, S. O., Wilson, R. (2012). Equity risk incentives and corporate tax aggressiveness.Journal of Accounting Research,50(3), 775-810. Thomas, J., Zhang, F. (2014). Valuation of tax expense.Review of Accounting Studies,19(4), 1436-1467.

How Social Tensions Led To Witchcraft Essays - Magic,

How Social Tensions led to Witchcraft How Social Tensions led to Witchcraft The history of witchcraft during seventeenth century New England is inherently a history of direct confrontations within communities where relationships become tainted with suspicion, revenge and anger. The documents in Witch-Hunting in Seventeenth Century New England have retold the events and stories of Puritan New England to give the modern reader an understanding of the repressive social institutions of religion and family structure which were controlling factors that lay behind the particular cases discussed in the book. However, in order to really interpret the structure of witchcraft, it is important to consider that social tensions (most likely a dispute or argument) combined with personal or familial bad luck, were the root of all these occurrences. In New England, the term "witch" in New England served as identification used for punishment, revenge, or both. For the most part, townspeople used this term to belligerent or "troublesome" people. These "witches" were accused for making children sick, causing animal deaths, and inducing pain and suffering. Or they could have been accused due to evidence of strange events, or their mysterious character. Perfect models of this characteristic would be Hugh and Mary Parsons. Mary and Hugh Parsons lived in Springfield, Massachusetts. In chapter 2 of Witch-Hunting in Seventeenth Century New England, the introduction clearly conveys that relationships within the Parson family were filled with problems. With the town's houses built so close to each other, it could be assumed that neighbors were able to hear every argument and fight that took place within the Parson household. In the Puritan community, the kind of behavior that was observed of the Parson was out of the ordinary. Consequently, when Mary accuses Widow Marshfield of witchcraft for an unknown reason, it seriously damaged the Parsons social reputation ? something that the Puritans took very seriously (Hall 29). From then on, suspicions and lack of trust started to be associated with the Parsons. Accusations of witchcraft often followed arguments that would increase the social tensions in the community. These damaging accusations were usually the spiteful acts of angry, petty people who were looking for revenge following an argument. Hugh fits these criteria perfectly ? he was a very quarrelsome workman, often displeasing his customers to the extent of where they hate him. A situation that demonstrates this is the case of Blanche Bedortha and her painful fits. Blanche blamed her ailments on Hugh based on an argument between him and Rice Bedortha, her husband. When having her "fits," Blanche distinctly recalled the dispute and at once suspected that Hugh had used witchcraft on her (Hall 36). This demonstrates that Hugh was considered troublesome, and to accuse him of witchcraft would be the perfect punishment ? or reprisal. Actions of a person can also cause social tension among the town. The way a person behaves, acts, and responds can differentiate from the ordinary to the weird. In Puritan society, anything out of the normal is very suspicious, especially when someone does not react to a situation they way society would. Many people were accused of witchcraft because they behaved abnormally to a death of a family member or a neighbor. When Moxon's child died, Hugh did not have any emotions or sympathy. This attitude combined with the past argument that they had, Moxon immediately accused Hugh of witchcraft. Again, this case happened again when his wife Mary accused him of witchcraft. This was due to the fact that Hugh once more had no emotions when his kids died. When accusations were released, the accused would in no way regain their social standing ever again, even if they were found innocent after a trial. Magnified suspicions and distrust increased the social tension between the accused and the public. Therefore, when inexplicable events took place, the people accused were the first on the blame list. This was the case in many seventeenth century New England towns. Again, this situation could easily be seen in Hugh's case. After being tried as a witch, every move, action and word was taken as evidence of witchcraft. Combined with his bad luck, and family misfortune, Hugh was turned into the town's social scapegoat, responsible for every strange and inexplicable event that religion or reason could not explain. A perfect example was the "rusty knife" incident. When Griffith Jones was having dinner, he noticed that his good knives had mysteriously disappeared. He resorted to using a rusty knife in place of them. When he was cleaning the table, he suddenly saw that the good knives were next to the rusty knife. Griffith perceived this a very puzzling

Local Mobile Market Makes Glob essays

Local Mobile Market Makes Glob essays Thailand has become one of Nokia's top 10 markets for mobile phones and the company expects the market to keep growing. "The Asia-Pacific region is |an important region for Nokia |with three of our 10 largest markets in the world located in this region |- China, the Philippines and Thailand. We believe the region |will continue to see healthy growth over the next few years," Robert Anderson, senior vice president of Nokia Mobile Phone Asia-Pacific, said at the company's Asia-Pacific launch of its new mobile phones here on Tuesday. Nokia's "Style My Mobile World" event in Melbourne was held simultaneously with one at CeBIT 2002, the global technology fair in Hanover, Germany. Nokia holds the largest share |of the Thai mobile phone mar-|ket with about 40 per cent, follow-|ed by Motorola, Siemens and Ericsson. Telecom analysts have fore-|cast that the Thai mobile-phone |market will reach eight million |units this year, up from six million last year. Some of the six Nokia mobile phones unveiled on Tuesday were tailored to the Asia-Pacific market, including the Nokia 3510, which supports general packet radio services and multimedia messaging as well as polyphonic sounds. The model will go on sale in Europe, Africa and the Asia-Pacific in the second quarter of this year, Nokia said. The 3315 model was designed exclusively for the Asia-Pacific |market. It will have a picture |editor, a Chinese phonebook and Thai input. Nokia Mobile Phones (Thailand) launched the first Thai-enabled Nokia 3350 model in Thailand on January 27. Nokia also unveiled its colour-screen 7210 model - which supports multimedia messaging service (MMS) and can be used on GSM networks in Europe, Asia and the United States - at Tuesday's event. Nokia will begin shipping the 7210 early in the third quarter. ...

Do abuse children become criminals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do abuse children become criminals - Essay Example He wanted to help those children to live normal lives. Also the author changed his negative perspective toward those abused victims. Difficulties were also inevitable in the process of research as proving and defending a side involve discrimination towards the other side. It is also challenging not to be judgmental as sometimes personal biases become involved with the objective analysis and explanations of the topic. The author then enjoyed the difficulties and challenges that came with the research as he learned much from the experience and was able to deepen his understanding regarding abuse. The author also enjoyed writing in the Rogerian way as it was not common for him to write in that style. In addition, he was able to train his mind by performing some critical analysis for that matter. The author decided then to write about the topic of abused children as he saw those cases on the news presented in different forms of media such as television and internet. One of the main issues is how the victims of abuse suffer from the shock and gruesome experiences. Their experiences may have stolen the spirit of youth within them as they become mature earlier as compared to other children of the same ager due to the view that they are existing in a dangerous world. It is not only the concern of the author but the society as a whole as all citizens are prone to abuse. Lastly, it would be life-changing to read and understand the paper as it presents the reality in textual from. The author hopes that more people would be aware of the experiences and status of abused children as they are also subjected to neglect. Abuses are common since the history of man as people dare to make ways to obtain power. It is not always true that power can cause abuses, but some people who want to gain that make use of harsh methods. Their minds are set to

Economic Implications of the EU's Single Currency on German Economy Dissertation

Economic Implications of the EU's Single Currency on German Economy - Dissertation Example Methodology 3.1 Research approach and technique ----------------------------------------------------26 3.2 Sources and collection of data --------------------------------------------------------27 3.3 Data analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------28 3.4 Ethics in research------------------------------------------------------------------------28 3.5 Research limitations---------------------------------------------------------------------29 3.6 Credibility and verification ------------------------------------------------------------30 4. Results from macroeconomic data 4.1 German economy after the adoption of euro--------------------------------------32 4.2 Current effect on Germany----------------------------------------------------------32 4.3 Understanding the macro level effects on the economy-------------------------34 5. Discussion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 6. ... Germany is considered to be a very strong economy and its economic performance has been remarkable. The adoption of euro as the single currency has been an important event. The adoption of this policy was thought to bring about favorable changes to employment, growth and budget allocation but it was seen that since the adoption of the above stated policy the country had faced serious problems and that has been shown with the help of various macroeconomic indicators like unemployment, Gross Domestic Product, Inflation, and Gross Fixed Capital Formation (Hishow, 2007, p.3). CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Economic and monetary union was suggested by the European Commission in the year 1998. They had predicted that this would encourage more investment, help increase competition, rejuvenate the European economy and the single market, and benefit the population of Europe with respect to their work and travel requirements. Some of the greatest arguments in favor of the single currency move were th at, it would result in integration of the markets of Europe and the removal of uncertainties that result from an unpredicted exchange rate. It was also expected to increase the mobility of capital and induce transparent pricing. The European Commission carried out a research and came out with estimation that 0.33 percent of European GDP was lost in the process of conversion of currency or as transaction costs. A traveler in Europe could have spent nothing but still would have lost a significant amount of money by only changing currencies. The system was seen as one which would introduce lesser volatile interest rates, thereby supporting low inflation and higher growth. Optimists believed that the Euro would reach the same state as of the Dollar and share the spotlight. It would make

Racial Profiling Essay Example for Free

Racial Profiling Essay Racial profiling is a big issue. Many people have been victimized because of cops and other high authorities’ senseless attitudes on how to handle the law. What people have to realize is that racial profiling does happen to innocent people who are mostly targeted or pursued because of their race or sometimes even because of their religion. These things can also cause citizens to become very angry and unwilling to cooperate with law enforcement. Racial profiling has been the cause of many outbreaks of riots. There has even been many riots because of innocent people being racial profiled against; causing citizens to become antagonistic, bitter, and hateful towards the law. This can be a problem because they even target good police. The cause of racial profiling can start not only hostile attitudes, but a shift in the views of how police treat citizens. Racial profiling is a method that police and other law enforcement agents use to catch someone who has committed a crime or is about to commit one. It is a controversial method. In fact, even the meaning of racial profiling is controversial† (Kops, Pg. 9). Racial profiling is a very controversial topic, because this topic makes people uneasy to talk about. It’s especially hard for victims who have been racial profiled against because of the memory of their terrible experience. â€Å"In 1942, over 120,000 American were stripped of their business and their homes and incarcerated for the duration of World War II. They had committed no offense. They were convicted of no crime. They were suspected, subjected to curfews, arrested, had their property confiscated, and finally imprisoned because of the color of their skin and their national origin or the national origin of their parents† (Meeks, Pg. ). Situations like this can cause a shift in the government where they have constant issues on how to approach citizens because of the fear of being accused of discriminating against people. This sometimes has citizens wondering is it okay for police to check you if they â€Å"think† you are committing a crime? Well there have been mixed answers when the law is confronted with this question. Also this can cause tension between cops and the law enforcement because of all the animosity and stress of being constantly accused of racial profiling. There have been retired cops who have written books talking about their experience as a cop. Some give details that outsiders wouldn’t know about the cop’s secret jobs. Is it possible that good police are afraid? This could be the reason why; they could also be afraid that if they tell too much they could possibly lose their job. But just as there are good cops, there are also bad cops. Like the ones who harass people for no reason; simply because of the physical features. â€Å"An officer’s daily duties require them to violate the rights of others, without question, on a repeated basis (see video – 2min in). Police routinely fine or jail, at taxpayer expense, people whose crimes lack an actual victim. Whether it is for driving without a license, disorderly conduct or illegal drugs, police are the ones enforcing such laws. More surprisingly is it seems they do so only because they are told to, and believe such violations are acceptable to keep others safe (this doesn’t even include officers who blatantly and knowingly abuse their power)† (Freeman). Is it a thing of giving law enforcement too much power? Many people have many complaints that the law has access to how they suspect if the person is in the wrong. This is a prime example of why there can be a separation between cops. However, often many good cops are targeted for a crooked cop’s bad deed. With this happening it scares away potential cops; who are afraid of this horrible thing happening to them, which has citizens and other authorities on edge. The lack of law enforcement would be a huge problem; without the law the crime rate could possibly reach an ultimate high. Law enforcement is supposed to be put in place as a security, and protection for citizens. But how can you trust them when they also commit crimes. It makes it even harder for citizens to report a crime because they are afraid of what might happen to them. Bad cops are considering somewhat professionals at pulling big schemes. They can pull off these schemes because of the connections they have with even high authorities. Some schemes could be tied to drug trafficking and many other things. But are once they are accused of such heinous crime, why are these issues sometimes forgotten about? It’s like the process of prosecuting these police are constantly kept quiet. Well it’s about time that it’s brought public. â€Å"Negative stereotypical biases of African-American males overshadow any appearances that they are law-abiding citizens. Indeed, in the eyes of many law enforcement officers, an African-American male driving a Mercedes-Benz projects the presumption of illegal activity, not the presumption of a hard working citizen† (Weatherspoon). Keeping these things private can cause more attention to what are they really doing. But no one is taking a stand and asking questions; simply because of fear of becoming a target of the police. â€Å"The term driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-American drivers without probable cause. The practice particularly targets African-American males. African-American males are not only singled out while driving, but also while schooling, eating, running for political office, walking, banking, serving as a juror, getting a taxi, shopping, and just being black and a male. The mere fact of being black and male in America is sufficient cause for governmental and private law enforcement officials to abridge the rights of African-American males. This is not to suggest that law enforcement officers can never consider race when performing their job† (Weatherspoon). African American males are not the only people who are targeted. For example, during the Holocaust Jews were killed, beaten, starved, and a lot of other horrific things all because of their religion and race. â€Å"The European Holocaust of the 1930s and 1940s, which cost millions of Jews (and other ethnic groups) their lives, led many Jews and non- Jews alike throughout the world to believe that a Jewish homeland was necessary. During and after World War II, many Jewish refugees found themselves without a nation and with nowhere to go† (Jones, Johnstone, Pg. 358). Racial profiling seems to never have an end. Many cases you hear about how racial profiling still exists ‘til this very day. The question that everyone should be asking is, â€Å"why should a person race, religion, or beliefs determine how they are judged? â€Å"Racial profiling is an abusive practice that targets innocent citizens solely because of the way that they look. It is not an effective law enforcement strategy. Research shows that racial profiling diverts officers attention from using actual, objective signs of suspicious behavior to effectively assess situations. Racial profiling erodes trust between law enforcement and its community. As a result, people are less likely to report a crime or work with the police to give information that could apprehend an actual criminal† (Elliot). This statement is true; racial profiling really is not a strategic method. Since this method has been put in place it has done nothing but cause an upset to the community. Communities have had negative feelings towards racial profiling. So why is this still a method? No one seems to ask this important question that could change the law enforcement system. Changing the system could make a better relationship between citizens and law enforcement. Because more citizens may be willing to open up more to the law, without feeling like they can’t trust police. Before this solution could be an option the law enforcement should make an extra effort with making sure that the community knows that they can trust they are truly secured. â€Å"While there have been attempts to end racial profiling in Congress, no bill has successfully been passed. Communities across the country have been subjected to this useless, degrading tactic for too long. Now is the time for Congress to reintroduce and pass comprehensive legislature to end racial profiling† (Elliot). Congress has yet to make any decisions about eliminating racial profiling. But that doesn’t mean that change won’t happen. Racial profiling as stated in within this research paper is a very controversial topic, but it also a sad topic. The way a person can be mistreated just because of the color of their skin. When reading the facts about racial profiling it is saddening to know that a person can be humiliated and tortured over nothing. Victims of racial profiling are caught off guard, because they have no clue of why they have become a target. Some people are targeted because of their religion; for example a Muslim lady could become a target of racial profiling because of her head wrapped. Muslims have became targets ever since the 9/11 incident. â€Å"Since September 11, 2001, members of Arab, Muslim, and South Asian communities have increasingly been searched, interrogated and detained in the name of national security, often times labeled terrorism suspects when in reality many were only charged with misdemeanors or minor immigration violations, if they were charged at all† (Racial Profiling: Face the Truth Campaign). African-American males are also targeted, because of how they present themselves. This can make some African- American males uneasy to go out in public, because of the fear of being watched and seen for the clothes they wear. â€Å"As a result, community members become less likely to assist with criminal investigations or seek protection from police when they themselves are victimized, which makes everyone less safe† (Racial Profiling: Face the Truth Campaign). Communities are now starting to stick together, by not helping the police. Some feel that they should not help the police when the police attack innocent people.

House on Mango Street Essay -- Book Review Poverty Education Essays

House on Mango Street The story; themes; and implications for teaching from the House on Mango Street come from showing how today’s society has low expectations for those in the inner city. This book can be used to show what inner life is like and how these people are looked at and treated by others in society. Using this book in the classroom can be beneficial because many people have negative preconceptions of what life is really like as a minority. I know that I think of inner city schools and the students that attend them as underprivileged and don’t hold them to the same standards as I do others from smaller more suburban towns. Going to Milwaukee this semester has been a culture shock and I think that reading this book compliments are experiences doing our observation and participation. This story is about a young Spanish girl, Esperanza, who is growing up in the Latino section of Chicago. She is embarrassed of where she lives because of the poor conditions of her house, the mice that run freely around her, and the neighborhood she comes from. Her neighborhood is inner city living where the cops are looked at as the bad people in the neighborhood, homeless people sleep in the streets, and she has seen many other bad things including rape and abuse. Esperanza struggles to fit into her new home because she has moved so often. She can’t find and keep friends. Esperanza doesn’t want to fit though because all she can think about is getting out of there and having the white picket fence in the suburbs someday. She does not consider her house on Mango Street her home. It is more of a temporary dwelling until she can get out of there. She works hard at a young age to help her family with the money problems. The story is also about finding some good friends in her new home and her adventures with them. The most interesting themes, issues and characters are Esperanza and her dreams of getting out of the house on Mango Street. This book keeps you captured by telling stories of how she wants to get out of the city and off Mango Street. They are all very interesting and this is what makes the book so fun to read. Making friends and keeping them is also an important issue in this young girls life because she moves so often. I think these things are interesting because I can relate to wanting to get out of where I was when I ... ...go Street. It is eye opening and after taking this class and others like it, I look at these books in a different light. This book seemed like an accurate portrayal of what life must have been like for this girl and I could tell I was emotionally into it. I could feel her pain even though I have not gone through these things first hand as she has. It was a sad story but I think it got the point across without saying â€Å"feel sorry for me because I live in the inner city.† This book can be used with students to show that people from diverse populations are just like you and me. They just want to live a healthy and fulfilling life with friends and family. Most of them are trying to make a better life for themselves any way possible. This will help my students see others as equals and not as people of lesser value. I think it can also be used with inner city children to show that nobody is going to feel sorry for them and if they want a better life than they have to earn it themselves. Nobody is going to give them free hand outs all their lives and if they want something bad enough then they have to work for it. This book can be a powerful tool in teaching that to students.

Organisation Study

INTRODUCTION The Organization Study undertaken as a part of the curriculum has completed at Handicraft Development Corporation in Trivandrum. This study provides the opportunity to expose the student to an organization and its operational conditions. This study also aims at having a better understanding of various departments and its function. Organization study helps to know overall functions of a concern. This is a detailed study of the organization, product profile, service profile, organizational hierarchy, various departments and their functions.This study proved to be fruitful by familiarizing us to the organization and at the same time it also helped us to create practical awareness. The Handicraft Development Corporation is to be selected for undergoing the organizational study for the following reasons: †¢Trivandrum Handicraft Development Corporation is the head office. †¢In this organization has goodwill in general public. †¢Handicrafts have a major role in T ourism Sector. 1. 2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY †¢To understand the flow of authority and responsibility in the different departments of the organization. To assess the overall efforts adopted by the company in order to satisfy the consumer demand. †¢Find out the overall services of the organization to the customers. 1. 3 METHODOLOGY Primary data was collected by conducting formal and informal interviews with the employees and by observation. Secondary data was collected through the company documents, magazines, books and by the use of internet. 1. 4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is intended to attain a firsthand experience of the overall running of an organization.A detailed analysis of each of the activity performed by the departments is beyond the scope of the study. It also provides a chance to see the practical constrains faced by the managers while putting theory in to practical. 1. 5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY †¢Time was Insufficient to the completion of the project. â € ¢It has chances of guarded and biased response from the reliable source. †¢Busy time schedule of the employees. 1. 6 CHAPTERS Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction chapter contains the objective, methodology, scope of the study, limitation of the organization study and cauterization. Chapter 2: Industry Profile In this chapter includes industry profile of Handicraft Development in india. Chapter 3: Company Profile Company profile includes the complete profile of the organization. Strategic indent and also innovative products are included. Chapter 4: Organization Structure Chapter 5: Analysis Objective wise Detailed and complete analysis is to be included in this chapter. This chapter mainly analysis secondary data has been collected. Chapter 6: SWOT Analysis In this chapter includes the findings from the analysis and give proper suggestions for recovering the find problems.Proper solutions are given for the findings and concluded with the solutions. Chapter 7: Findings, conc lusion and suggestions INDUSTRIAL PROFILE Handicrafts industry is a major area of employment generation in the State. Coconut Shell carving, straw picture making, cane work, bamboo and reed weaving, ivory carving, bell metal casting, screw pine and mat weaving are the major handicrafts in the State. Handicrafts Development Corporation and Artisans Development Corporation are the major promotional agencies of the industry.The Handicrafts Development Corporation is procuring and marketing handicraft products through its 19 Kairali emporia spread all over India. Kerala's traditional handicrafts varieties are a class of its own. The artisans of Kerala carve in wood, design in jewellery and makes idols in metal. The gifted artisans makes beautiful idols of Lord Krishna, Ganesh, Goddess Saraswathi, Lakshmi etc. in sandal wood ,elephants in rose wood and other art works in varieties of other woods. The life size models of Kathakali and the models depicting boat race of Kerala are Kerala's own master pieces.The idols of Lord Nataraja in dancing pose and the various lamps (vilakku) which are very essential for every ceremony of malayalees. Aranmula kannadi is another traditional art work in bell metal. The artisans of Kerala are at their best in making screwpine woven articles, beautiful lamp shades and other articles from bamboo reeds. A variety of products ranging from buttons to flower vase out of coconut shell. Kora mats are very popular and are used for prayer and sleep. Articles made out of buffalo horn and Kathakali masks, straw pictures etcare some of the popular items of Kerala.Handicrafts based on various kinds of wood, coconut, palm etc. are major attractions. The State agencies for the development of handicrafts industry include Handicrafts Co-operative Apex Society, Artisans Development Corporation, Bamboo Corporation and Handicrafts Development Corporation. 2. 1 HANDICRAFT INDUSTRY Handicraft, more precisely expressed as artisanic handicraft, sometimes al so called artisanry, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools.It is a traditional main sector of craft. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods. The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion; such items often have cultural and/or religious significance. Items made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods. Usually, what distinguishes the term handicraft from the frequently used category arts and crafts is a matter of intent: handicraft items are intended to be used, worn, etc, having a purpose beyond simple decoration.Handicraft goods are generally considered more traditional work, in traditional non-industrial and transitional societies created as a somewhat more necessary part of daily life, while arts and crafts implies more of a hobby pursuit and a demonstration/perfection of a creative technique. In Britain in the late nineteenth century, however, the Arts and Crafts Movement was not a matter of hobbies, but of creating useful as well as creative work for people, using natural materials and traditional techniques. In practical terms, the categories have a great deal of overlap. . 2 HANDICRAFTS IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT The history of handicrafts in areas generally now comprising India and Pakistan is an old saga. To peep in to the traces of Indian handicrafts we need to go back almost 5000 years. The first references to handicrafts in the Indian subcontinent can be found from the Indus Valley Civilization (3000 BC-1700 BC). The craft tradition in India has revolved around religious beliefs, local needs of the commoners, as well as the special needs of the patrons and royalty, along with an eye for foreign and domestic trade.These craft traditions have withstood the ravages of time and numerous foreign invasions and continue to flourish till date owing to the assimilative nature of Indian culture and broadmindedness of the handi craftsmen to accept and use new ideas. The Indus valley civilization had a rich craft tradition as well as a high degree of technical excellence in the field of pottery making, sculpture (metal, stone and terracotta), jewelry, weaving, etc. A lot of material information from excavations at Harappa, Mohen-jo-daro, etc. substantiates the craft tradition of the Indus valley civilization.The craftsmen not only catered to all the local needs but surplus items were sent to ancient Arabian cultures via ancient sea routes. Handicraft is the art of creating products using raw and indigenous materials. It develops the skills and creative interests of students towards a particular craft or trade. The basic training provided in a specific craft prepares the students to become competent craftsmen and artists who can contribute to the establishment of cottage industries, thus contributing to the economic growth of the country. 2. 2. 1 STATE EMPIRESThe concept of state was ushered by the rise of t he Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BC. It is said that during the time of Ashoka, 84,000 stupas were built in India, including the world famous Sanchi Stupa, which has beautiful stone carving and relief work done on it. Numerous sculptures from Bharhut, Mathura, Amravati, Vaishali, Sanchi, etc. show female figures adorned with an array of jewelry, which continues to inspire contemporary jewelry making. The iron pillars of Vaishali (Bihar) and Delhi, created during the time of Emperor Ashoka, are a marvel in the field of metallurgy. 2. 2. 2 POST MAURYAN AGEThe period between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD was a period of political turmoil as a result of foreign invasions from central Asia. The impact of these intrusions can be seen in the Buddhist sculptures from Taxila, Begram, Bamiyan, Swat valley, etc. which show a high degree of Greek influence. The depiction of Buddha, having curly hair and wearing draperies, until date is the result of this Greek influence. The scu lpture of the Kushan king Kanishka from this period depicting him wearing leather boots and a heavy warm coat amply reflects the influence of the central Asian Culture on Indian craftsmanship.Jewelry, sculpture, textile making, leather products, metal working, etc. were the main handicrafts that inherited these foreign influences and assimilated them in accordance with the Indian milieu. 2. 2. 3 GUPTA AGE The Gupta (AD 320-647) age is referred to as the classical period in Indian history. The points in the field of craft include the rock cut temples of Ellora and the Ajanta murals. These murals give us a realistic view of the lifestyle of that time. The craftsmen of this period, under royal patronage excelled in jewelry making, woodcarving, sculpture, stone carving and weaving. 2. . 4 MEDIEVAL INDIA The Medieval period of Indian history in the context of handicrafts showed a marked shift from north India to the Deccan and southern parts of the country, though the handicraftsmen unde r the Delhi Sultanate period flourished in the field of pottery, weaving, wood carving, metal working, jewelry, etc. The contribution of the Cholas and the Vijaynagar Empire in the field of bronze sculpture, silk weaving, jewelry, temple carving is beyond parallel. The fine example of stone carving from central India can be seen in the form of the Khajuraho Temples, built by the Chandelas.Rich and ornate wood and stone carving can be found in medieval temple of Jagannath at Puri in Orissa. 2. 3 LIST OF HANDICRAFT TRADES †¢Assemblage– collage in three dimensions †¢Beadwork ?Bone carving buffalo, camel, elephant bone carving. ?Cabinet making ?Chip carving †¢Collage possibly involving seeds, fabric, paper, photographs and/or found objects †¢Crochet †¢Embossed aluminum or silver †¢Gardening †¢Buffalo horn carving, Rhino horn carving. †¢Knitting †¢Lath art †¢Parquetry †¢Metalwork †¢Mosaic †¢Needlework †¢Pottery and Ceramics †¢Pressed flower craft — uses real flowers and leaves †¢Puppetry †¢Quilting – also reference Quilt and Art quilts Saddlemaking †¢Scale model †¢Sewing †¢Shoemaking †¢Spinning †¢Stained glass †¢Wood burning, carving, turning, working 2. 4 INDIAN HANDICRAFTS INDUSTRY India is one of the important suppliers of handicrafts to the world market. The Indian handicrafts industry is highly labour intensive cottage based industry and decentralized, being spread all over the country in rural and urban areas. Numerous artisans are engaged in crafts work on part-time basis. The industry provides employment to over six million artisans (including those in carpet trade), which include a large number of women and people belonging to the weaker sections of the society.In addition to the high potential for employment, the sector is economically important from the point of low capital investment, high ratio of value addition, and h igh potential for export and foreign exchange earnings for the country. Although exports of handicrafts appear to be sizeable, India’s share in world imports is miniscule. It is a sector that is still not completely explored from the point of view of hidden potential areas. India, a country with 28 states and 18 languages and more than 1500 dialects offers an enormous range of handicrafts from each of the states.Major centres in Uttar Pradesh are Moradabad also known as the â€Å"Peetalnagari† (City of Brass), Saharanpur for its wooden articles, Ferozabad for Glass. The North Western state of Rajasthan has to offer the famous Jaipuri quilts, Bagru and Sanganer printed textiles and wooden and wrought iron furniture from Jodhpur. The coastal state of Gujarat comes with embroidered articles from Kutch. Narsapur in Andhra Pradesh is famous for its Lace and Lace goods. But this is only a small part of the total product range. India offers much more. 2. 5 HANDICRAFTS CLASSIF ICATIONHandicrafts are classified into two categories: 1. Articles of everyday use 2. Decorative items The craftsmen use different media to express their originality. The diversity of the handicrafts is expressed on textiles, metals – precious and semi-precious, wood, precious and semi-precious stones, ceramic and glass. 2. 5. 1 TEXTILE BASED HANDICRAFTS: Hand printed textiles including block and screen printing, batik, kalamkari (hand printing by pen) and bandhani (tie and die) are used in products ranging from bed-covers to sheets, dress material to upholstery and tapestry.The famous embroidered articles of silk and cotton often embellished with mirrors, shells, beads, and metallic pieces are also found in India. Embroidery is done too on leather, felt and velvet etc. This segment of the industry accounts for almost half a million strong employment in addition to a large number of designers, block makers, weavers and packers involved in the trade. 2. 5. 2 CLAY, METAL AND JE WELLERY: Brass, copper, bronze, bell metals are used for a variety of wares and in a variety of finishes.Scintillating ornaments are available in a wide range of patterns, styles and compositions. Made from precious metals, base metals, precious and semi-precious stones; these ornaments have traditional as well as modern styles. 2. 5. 3 WOODWORK: Wooden articles in India range from the ornately carved to the absolutely simple. One can find toys, furniture, decorative articles, etc. bearing the art and individuality of the craftsman. India is known particularly for its lacquered wood articles. 2. 5. 4 STONE CRAFT: The intricately carved stoneware made of marble, alabaster or soapstone, etc. inlaid with semiprecious stones carry on the heritage of Indian stone crafts. 2. 5. 5 GLASS AND CERAMIC: Glass and ceramic products are a fast upcoming segment in the handicrafts from India. The age-old production process of mouth-blowing the glass instills a nostalgic feeling. The varied shapes o f ceramic and glass in a number of colours, would appeal to Western aesthetics while retaining the Indian touch. 2. 5. 6 CRAFT CONCENTRATION AREAS: A wide range of handicrafts are produced all over Indian artmetalware / EPNS ware, wood carvings and other wooden artwares, imitation jewellery, andprinted textiles, shawls as artwares, embroidered goods, lace and lace goods, toys, dolls, crafts made of leather, lacquerware, marble crafts etc. Although it is difficult to limit a specific place for the particular craft, the following places are listed for their particular crafts. Art metal ware:Moradabad, Sambhal, Aligarh, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Delhi, Rewari, Thanjavur, Madras, Mandap, Beedar, Kerala & Jagadhari, Jaselmer Wooden Art wares:Saharanpur, Nagina, Hoshiarpor, Srinagar, Amritsar, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jagdalpur, Bangalore, Mysore, Chennapatna, Madras, Kerala & Behrampur (WB)Hand printed Textiles & Scarves:Amroha, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Farrukhabad, Sagru & Sanganer Embroidered goods:Kutch (Guja rat), Jaisalmer, Baroda, Lucknow, Jodhpur, Agra, Amritsar, Kullu, Dharmshala / Chamba & Srinagar Marble & Soft Stone Crafts:Agra, Madras, Baster, Jodhpur Papier Mache Crafts:Kashmir, Jaipur Terracotta:Agra, Madras, Baster, Jodhpur Zari & Zari Goods:Rajasthan, Madras, Baster Imitation Jewelry::Delhi, Moradabad, Sambhal, Jaipur, Kohima (Tribal) Artistic Leather Goods:lndore, Kolhapur, Shanti Niketan (WB) Organisation Study CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT I have taken up this project work as a part of my degree in ‘Bachelor of Business Management Course, so to relate the theoretical studies with that of the practical work done in the organization. I have done my project work in the Calicut tile co. In 1879 the Calicut tile co. was incorporated and the circumstance leading to the information of the company is narrated under. The co. was started in 1878 at feroke; the town of clay industries. The founder of the co. was Mr. Soma Sundharan Chettiyar, the great millionaire from Ceylon.And then company was taken over by Mr. V. S. Nadarasa Mudhaliyar from Mr. Soma Sundhara chettiyar. In 1982 the present management takes the co. now there are 8 partners for the co. and mainly two partners are managing the co. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY * To study the general organizational functions and various department of the company. * To understand the growth of tile industry in India. * To study the production department and its performance. * To study the performance of the organization. * To suggest measures for the development of the CTCMETHODOLOGY A report on the descriptive study conducted at the calicut Tile co. , Feroke, Kozhikode is a project work that depends heavily on data collection particularly through observation the source of data are primary and secondary PRIMARY SOURCES * Observation * Consolation with the managers of various departments like production, HR etc. SECONDARY DATA * Report from various departments. * Report from other external magazines and internet. * Policy manuals. LIMITATION * The major constraint was the duration of the study was only 21 days. Couldn’t spend much time with top executives because of their busy schedule. * Due to absences and hesitation to talk openly by the employees it was difficult to collect accurate data. CHAPTER II INDUSTRIAL PROFILE INDUSTRIAL PROFILE Shelter is one of the basic requirements of man. C lay is one of the cheapest raw materials to satisfy this basic requirement of man. For a very long time man has been using clay for building purpose. Clay is basically an administrative mineral with an exclusive property of mould ability in the presence of water embankments etc.After reinforcement with straw, coir, fibers, bamboo, splinters, of woods sharing. It was rather accidental observation that clay when subjected to heating (firing) developed red color along with high strength and stability. Development of this process led to the production of clay products. In South India the German Basel Mission has performed a very important role in developing roofing tile industry or the Mangalore pattern roofing tiles. In the present scenario, roofing tiles have become a vital part of housing construction activity.By the end of 60’s most of the house used roofing tiles fur their houses. The last decade of the century however showed more interest towards concrete roofs and tile mar ket was down, however it again picked up business as decorative tile walls and floor tiles are in great demand now. The Latin word tegula and its French derivative tile mean quite precisely a roof tile of baked clay. The English tile is less precise, for it can in addition be used of any kind of earthenware slab applied to any surface of a building.The word ‘ceramics’ comes from the Greek word ‘keramos’ meaning pottery: it is related to an old Sanskrit root meaning to burn but was primarily used to mean ‘burnt stuff’ The demand for tile is thus improving when compared to the previous years; other clay products are also gaining importance in the market. However some of the tile manufacturing companies have reached saturation stage of its sales. They have to make changes in overall system of production and distribution to enhance the sales THE INDUSTRY IN KERALARoofing tile industry in India has an age of almost 150 years. In India Mangalore patt ern roofing tile factory was first established in the year 1865 by Basel Mission (German Missionaries) who copied the pattern of French tiles as in Marseilles. However first tile factory in Kerala was set up in the year 1844 by German Missionaries and it was named as â€Å"Common Wealth Trust Limited† or â€Å"COMTRUST†. Hundreds of factories came in to existence in South West cost of the country. Since then the industry has completed approximately one and quarter century of useful service to country.The numerous rivers and backwaters of Kerala provided cheap transport and so it is quite natural that a number of factories have opened at Kollam, Calicut, Trissur and alluva. Thus employment was generated. The abundance of clay was the other factor which contributed for rapid expansion of tile industry in this part of state A review of growth of tile industry in Kerala would suggest the following stages of development. These stages are * Period of First World War * Inter war period * The post second war period Towards the end of 19th century the pioneer factory at Kollam and Calicut was established.The pros iteration of tile factories, especially in Trissur may be considered as the second stage in the development of tile industry in Kerala. It’s considered that third stage is the period which small entrepreneurs became conscious of quality and started introducing machineries. This is partially due to the development of local engineering industry. As a result of mechanization could be implemented at a faster rate. The factories established in the first stage of the development in Calicut district was conceived of superior quality due to better technological process and uality control techniques The second stage of development witnessed a rapid growth in the number of tile factories mainly in trissur district. Local availability of quality clay and large managerial returns for the investment can be probable reasons for such a change. Their work ing started almost as a collage industry and not many changes has taken place as the time passed. The technological advancement that has taken place in the other industry has made no impact on the tile industry.The only forward step that have taken in the replacement of mechanical process is by replacing press, which they could increase the production capacity to 2 to 2. 5 times in an average. Even that change is yet to come in Kollam district. In a large number of units intermittent kilns are still use where high rate of fuel consumption is observed. In Trissur area majority of units have started on a small scale and number of chambers of kiln are limited. But subsequent introduction of revolving press has necessitated increasing the capacity and few more champers was added PROLEMS FACED BY CLAY INDUSTRYFor the last few decades the company has enjoyed a very inscriptive market in the country especially in the Southern states. In olden days industry was in Kerala and South Kerala, d istricts of Karnataka States. However conditions have completely different now. Tile factory have mushroomed through the country with much encouragement and support from the respective Government. The old traditional markets are fast dwindling and will soon disappear altogether in the very near future. Even manufacturing good clay-building material to cater to local markets is also having many problems.The company has to face keen completion from manufactures of concrete blocks and locally available. Late rite stones which are now mechanically cut and finished and are being sold at very low rate in the markets when compared to clay bricks. Apart from these, the main critical problems faced by the industry are the non-availability of good quality clays. Moreover there are environmental and ecological problems faced by tile industry and which are bound to de-stabilize the manufacturing operations consequently lead to loss of production in the year to come.Firewood, the fuel required f or the industry is also becoming scared with the present forest policy of the government and at present industry has to depend on plantation firewood like rub wood and other alternative fuels, for firing their kilns. The demand for roofing tile is steadily on the degrees because of the change in lifestyle of the people. While in olden days people used to construct houses by using timbers, the present tendency is to go for roofs. This has drastically affected the demand for Mangalore roofing tiles.If the industry is to survive man publicity has to be given for the products manufactured by the industry, enlightening the advantage of using Mangalore tiles over stopped concrete roofs which would have a good thermal insulation and also increase the life of these structures. While on the other hand, the industry is suffered with few problems relating to raw materials, environment etc. On the other hand there is likely to be a slump in the market for clay product brought out of industry. T he situation has to be analyzed and steps taken to meet the challenges, in light of these numerous problems being controlled by the tile industry.It is necessary that, government should take steps and try to solve the problems of this industry, which is one of the labor intensive industries in India CHAPTETR III COMPANY Profile COMPANY PROFILE| NAME| Calicut Tile Company| MANAGING PARTNER| Mr. MuhammadMr. M. A Abdhul Azeez| YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT| 1878| BANKERS| S. B. T Palayam| FINISHED PRODUCTS| Roofing tilesFlooring tilesBricksVentilator bricks| BRAND NAME| Queens Brand| MAIN MARKET| Tamil NaduKarnataka| NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES| Around 300| GENERAL MANAGER| K. M. Salman| The Calicut Tile Company is the pioneer of clay manufacturers in India.It is started way back in the year 1878. It’s still honored as the ‘first among the best of tiles company ’situated near the historical sea fort of Calicut at Feroke ,the companies name is indelibly printed in the industrial his tory of the company. CTC was founded by Mr. Somasundharam Chettiar a great millionaire from Ceylon. At first only roofing tiles were produced due to non-availability of better raw materials and machines. CTC was taken up by Mr. Nadaraja Mudhaliar. They constructed new building and purchased new machineries for producing more roofing tiles. The company becomes famous by the middle of 1970’s.Now the company is family owned partnership. The company was taken by the present owners in 1982. Providing a profitable as well as a beautiful alternative to concrete roofing, the company re-defined the aesthetic concepts about buildings, with its high quality classy QUEEN BRAND terracotta products unique in its stunning varieties of products. QUEEN BRAND is not just a brand name in the market but a trendsetter, leveraging the expertise earn through a legacy of more than 100 years experience. We have fetched big shares in Bahrain, UK, and Qatar markets apart from the domestic ones.The firs t company to bring a lot of innovative tile products, we the CTC has been a revolution through centuries. QUALITY STANDARDS CTC have been awarded the ISO certification recently by Moody International, an US based quality certification of great repute. A daring visionary behind the terracotta revolution, the company imparted geographical significance to Feroke which later came to be known as cradle of clay tile industry In a world that is Turing rapidly to techno friendly, CTC offer an alternative –bio friendly environment where you can inhale life, appealing to your eyes and soothing to your souls.QUEEN BRAND tile products promise you a world of endless imaginations. The most accepted eco-friendly, cost effective and aesthetically pleasing solution to home roofing and floorings, these classy clay products have by now earned International fame and recognition. Tested weather proof and water proof QUEEN BRAND terracotta tiles appear in a range of models applicable to floorings, roofing and ceiling sand as ventilator bricks and building blocks. Producing tiles with quality that confirms to standards set has been the aim of CTC and all its endeavors have been to this end.It’s a tradition that keeps pace with the changing world and changing needs. CAPACITY Presently the company have around 300 employees where 230 of them are permanent and have an annual production of more than 85 lakhs, the company was equipped with excavator, mixed high speed roller, number of revolving press etc for manufacturing tiles and Hoffman Kiln, one with 28 champers and other with 24 champers and each champers having a capacity of 3000 tiles. Now the company had acquired modern technologies for manufacturing tiles. Chain conveyer system was introduced for conveying wet tiles from the press to the kiln and to stock yard.A separate section for manufacturing ventilator bricks and hourdies was erected NATURE OF BUSINESS CARRIED OUT Nature of business means type of business being carried out. It includes the products of the company and weather the business is manufacturing or sales. If it is a manufacturing company what kind of products are being produced in the company. If the company’s main function is sales what it sells and how it is being sold, that is weather it does a wholesale or retail business The CTC does both manufacturing and sales. It produces all sorts of building material made of clay.Its products includes the following ROOFING TILES FLOORING TILES VENTILATOR BRICKS BUILDING BLOCKS In CTC, production takes place as well they sell it to the retailers and wholesalers and also directly to the customers from the company’s sales outlet PARTNERS OF THE COMPANY CTC is a partnership firm consisting of two managing partners and they are Mr. Muhammad and Mr. M. A Abdul Aziz. Other partners are Mr. M. A Abdul nazar Mrs. M. A Rukhiya Mrs. M. A Soubeena Mrs. M. A Asiya Mrs. M. A Salina Mrs. M. A Najeena Mr. M. A Abid Mr. M. A Ramshid Mr. M. A Rajay Mrs. M. A Nargees Mr. M.A Hareer KEY TO SUCESS Key to success is designing and producing products that meet the market demand. In addition to this the company also ensures total total consumer satisfaction. If these goals are achieved it will become a profitable sustainable company. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE COMPANY It is an industry with more than 130 years of experience Engaged in the production of wide range of products It has a capacity to meet huge requirements any point of time Highly experienced management with perfect knowledge about market and its products. QUALITY POLICY OF THE COMPANY ATMOSPHERIC HARMONY: Terracotta tiles created a rhythemetic harmony with the atmosphere where it is used. Its natural elements are harmful to arthritis patients. The tiles also add elegance to the concrete buildings and act as a heat insulation aid, that is why even five star hotels are turn in to clay tiles. ECO-FRIENDLINESS: In CTC innovative and energy saving manufacturing technologies a re used to manufacture eco-friendly products combining economy with ecology. The beautiful glazes of terracotta tiles are softer and more sensitive to scratches and wear and tear than tiles made from normal porcelain or ceramic material.Our clay roof tiles allow for ongoing ventilation that extracts the moisture that otherwise could cause mild dew, rote and overtime the collapse to substructure. VARIETY: We provide different plain tiles and pan tiles. Architects, Builders and roofing specialists etc with their join efforts produces different varieties of tiles according to the requirements of consumers DURABILITY * There are still number of tile roofed building that are 100 years of old where you find a few concrete building leaks within few years. Clay roof tiles are some of the most environmental friendly building material.This is due to long life expectancy that they are made of natural product and can be disposed off fully. NATURALITY Terracotta floorings, ceilings and wall cove rings, is designed with bright natural flair unlike any other things. QUEEN BRAND products are made attractive, colorful, and long-lasting in a functional aesthetically pleasing way. We offer carefully designed precision made roofing tiles comparable only to top quality porcelain product as ceramic floor tiles. FLEXIBILITY QUEEN BRAND tiles are designed for ease of use and versatility. For instance by means of pioneering concept for tile overlap allowing flexible tile to tile fit.As a result tile can be laid simply and quickly, saving time and labor cost. Each and every QUEEN tile is baked by a life time guarantee. PLANT LOCATION Calicut Tile Company is honored as the first among the best of tile companies. The plant is in the town of Feroke is connected with national highway 17. The factory is situated near the Chaliyar River. All infrastructure facilities are available near the company. ORGANISATIONAL CHART CHAPTER IV DEPARTMENTAL STUDIES PRODUCTION Department PRODUCTION DEPARTMEN T Clay is an important raw material used for tiles the quality of tiles depends up on its clay.Therefore the clay is tested before taking it for the production. There are mainly two types of clay namely plastic clay and lean clay. The tested clay is thoroughly mixed by using a machine called excavator. With the help of excavator the clay is sliced. After slicing, the clay is collected using the excavator in tray called trolleys. The sliced clay is then pushed into box feeder. Box feeder consists of 3 chambers and both type of clay will be there at first two chamber and both of this is mixed along with the sand in the 3rd chamber. Then the clay is moved into pan mill.Pan mill performs the crushing of clay and grinds together the different types of clay. Here the clay is crushed well using water. Clay in the form of flakes is passed into hi speed roller one. High speed roller one is an extension of pan mill and the clay is crushed well and then it is move to the high speed roller two where the clay is crushed further and reduce the time module or small pebbles contained in the clay. Then the clay is moved into de-airing pug mill and main purpose here is to remove the air content from the clay otherwise it would lead to breakage after it becomes in to a tiles.The clay is cut and passed to the press where different dice are available and the different shapes or types arise. Different types of tile formed are roofing tiles, flooring tiles, ventilator tiles, building tiles etc. In the press where roof tiles are formed with the help of a trimmer tiles are properly shaped and finished. The slabs are rubbed with oil which is a mixture of kerosene and rice-burn oil before putting into the press so as to dice smooth. The waste clay is recycled. The name of the clay, factory trade mark etc are marked on the tiles by providing necessary impression on the dice.Now the pressed tile contains 25% of water. To reduce the water content of green tile, it is dried in the open air where natural air ios able to enter directly. Artificial drying using external heating system is also rarely used. The tiles required to be dried for around 6-7 days during summer and 10-15 during rainy season. The well dried tiles are placed in the chamber of Hoffman kiln for baking. The kiln consists of different layers where the tiles can be put and heat is made possible to enter into it. Fire wood is used as fuel for burning at a temperature of 800 degree.The kiln works 24 hours a day through out and even on holidays. As the temperature is reached at a required level in one chamber, the fixing will be moved to the next chamber. After that the chamber is cooled and emptied. The burned tiles are moved to an open place where or nearer to kiln yard. Then it is moved to the stock yard where tiles are stocked. Different grade or classes are given to the tiles according to their quality and they are stored separately. It is from the stock yard, the tiles are dispatched according to the order placed. Here comes the end of the production process.PAN MILL PROCUREMENT OF TESTED CLAY DESPATCHING AGAINST ORDER SORTING AND STOCKING SPACE FOR DRYING HIGH SPEED ROLLER DE-AIING PUG MILL TILE FURNISHING TILE PRESSER BOX FEEDERS CLAY EXCAVATION ROLLER I ROLLER II KILN CHAMBER PRODUCTION PROCESS CHART PURCHASE DEPARTMENT PURCHASE DEPARTMENT Purchase department is one of the important departments in CTC. This department deals with 6the purchase of raw material such as purchase of clay fire woods, store good etc and the main function of the department is to invite tenders and quotation for purchasing raw material.Tenders are invited and they select those tenders which quotes the suitable price for the product. They just do not verify the price of raw material but also ensure about the quality of the product purchased. The main duty of the purchasing manger is to: Ensure continuous availability of raw material so that production doesn’t get stopped To reduce ultimate cost of finished product To ensure quality of raw material and there by quality of production Now we can look some of the important raw material which is purchased by the purchase department. CLAY Clay is one of the most important raw materials used for production.There are mainly two types of clay, plastic clay and lean clay. Before purchasing clay, purchase department takes the specimen of clay and test it using in different methods, like sand content test, burning test, and by the usual observations. Company usually collects clay fro the field of Mavoor, Cheruvadi, Karod, Edevanna, Areacode etc. FIREWOOD Fire wood is purchased from sub contractors of Irutty, Kodiyathur, Mavoor, Nilambur etc. The fire wood purchased from keep in it top of the kiln. The fire wood is unlocked in the firewood yard only after visual observation by firewood supervisor.From the above it’s clear that purchase department is one of the strong and back bones of CTC and its effective functioning is very m uch important for overall performance of CTC. WATER Water is one of the essential element of the tile it’s also essential for manufacturing. Water is prowled from the well and it’s purchased rarely. OIL AND KEROSENE It is another item as that of water which is less frequently purchased by the purchase department. Rice bran oil and kerosene In the ratio 2:10 are mixed and applied on the plugged slabs to avoid sticking of slabs each other.Kerosene is also used as fuel in generator. MARKETING DEPARTMENT MARKETING DEPARTMENT The marketing department of CTC is well developed and computerized. The main duty of this department is marketing and sales of queen brand. As we know that is one back bone of a business enterprice. The marketing department has its own value. It is controlled by sales manager and executive sales. DUTIES OF SALES MANAGER Responsibilities of various sales related decision like supplying the right quantity and quality product at right time. Management of cash receipt and paymentProper direction to the executive’s sales regarding collection of duties from customers and other related matters. Keeping proper records for purchase of fire wood. ACTIVITIES UNDER MARKETING DEPARTMENT Marketing activities are carried out and field sales executives explore the potential for sales of the product Appointing dealers Sales promotion activities like sponsorships, radio, banners & boards, calendar, trade fairs etc. Now the company has around 200 dealers all over India and they have or are mainly located in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION The CTC adopts mainly 3 major channels of distribution their channels are as given below; Manufacturer Customers Manufacturer Dealer Customer Manufacturer Dealer Agent Customer QUALITY POLICY TO CONSUMERS 1. To provide dependence products that consistency meets customer’s expectations first time, on time, every time. 2. To recognize through systematic review pro cess that all over products and commitments are expression of quality 3.To constantly strive to achieve optimum customer satisfaction through on time delivery and defect fire parts with acceptable quality level by continuously improving our process and practices to the almost satisfaction of all our clients 4. To strive pure goals aimed at achieving excellence in the product that consistently meets or exceed customer expiations. PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION Human Resource department is concerned with the management of human resources. It is the sense of getting things done through people, is an essential part of every managers responsibilities. Many organizations find it useful.Many organizations find it useful to set up a specialist section to provide an expert service in the performance of HR functions. Today no member in the organization disagrees that â€Å"people are more valuable asset in the organization but in reality in many organization it is fou nd that this most valuable resources remains undervalued, undertrained, underutilized Fast changes are taking place in the business enterprise. An organization must have the ability to absorb these changes at a rapid rate than in the past, not simply to prove its competency alone but to justify its existence in the dynamic business world as well.All organization weather large or small must ensure themselves that they have the competent people capable of accepting these challenge. Personnel Management is â€Å"concerned with people dimensions in management. Since every organization is made of people, acquiring their service, developing their skills motivating them higher level of performance and ensuring that they continue to maintain their commitment to the organization are essential to achieve their organizational objectives.This is true regardless the type of organization, government, business education, health, recreation or social action â€Å" In CTC employees are recruited m ainly through personnel interview, recommendation of present employee and through medium of publicity. OBJECTIVES OF CTC To establish and maintain good working atmosphere in the organization. Each employee is given certain objectives and give them amble support to achieve it. To achieve the goals of organization through human excellence. To maintain and increase the level of effectiveness of employers and there by their effective utilization.To provide motivation to the employees to work for the success of the organization. To have a better personnel structure in the organization that is the personnel department. PERSONNEL POLICIES AT CTC Pvt. Ltd. * Satisfied customers and motivated employees are of vital importance to CTC. The past 130 years is a good personnel policy followed by the firm it is seen not good or harmonious industrial relation maintained by the firm. The main three types of policy are staffing policy, wage and salary administration policy and the promotional policy. Other important personnel policies are below Each employee shall: * Understand his or her role. * Take responsibility. * Develop his/ her competence knowledge, skills and ability. * H. R STRUCTURE OF CTC Number of workers in CTC is around 300 which includes permanent and casual workers, among them 50 are skilled workers who are well trained and is called foreman. Attendance register are maintained in the factory to record the time spend by each worker in the factory, it also distinguish normal time from overtime. The working hour of the company starts from 8 am to 12 pm and 1 pm to 5 pm.But the kiln works for 24 hours a day and the operator for kiln is 4 shifts of 7 hours each. Convenient timing has made workers happy in the factory. Overtime workers have been paid double of wages of that day. This is done as they don’t want to spent for recruitment and training of new workers. If in the case of death, casual workers are selected as permanent workers. In administration level there are around 10 office staffs like production manager, personnel manager, finance manager etc. Wage calculations are fully computerized for fast result.The control of the organizational activities are in the hands of top level management, they are responsible for entire functions of the concerned persons. The total number of working days of CTC is around 305 days. Each worker is allowed a holiday during the week. The workers are not required to work on the first of the week that is Sunday. Within the production process there are many departments where employees are classified, they are CLAY FIELD In clay department, at a time there should be 21 employees. Their main duty is to load different type of clay. The main duty s to take the clay in to the excavator where the clay is sliced and their duty ends at the door step of press. The employees in the clay department are given a fixed remuneration of 6000 per month and they have to work for 8 hours a day. PRESS FIELD Here there sh ould be almost 11 employees who have to work hand in hand to achieve the target. Their work starts where the work of clay department ends. Their duty to receive the clay coming out of roller and put in to the press for making it as slabs and to other press where the slabs are press in to particular tiles from where the shape of tile is formed.Remuneration package is time rate and is paid 6000 per month for 8 hours a day. CHICK DEPARTMENT The duty here is to dry the pressed tile, that is to take the tile from press to the region where tiles are dried under direct sun light. Here 6 workers are working at a time and piece rate system is followed here for payment of wage. An employee should take 1400 tile which is treated as one work and for one work 200 rupees is paid. KILN DEPARTMENT At a time there will be 8 people working in a kiln, and it consists of two kilns which contain 28 and 24 rooms respectively.Here also piece rate system is followed and loading of 3000 tile is regarded as one work. BURNING SECTION It’s closely related with kiln department. It is the only one section were 24 works work is carried out. It is from here the kiln is burned. Their main duty is to regulate heat content according to the requirement of tile. Here mainly there are two workers who work on shift basis. They are given a fixed salary per month and double salary for working during holidays. REPAIRS SECTION Here repairs of machinery take place. Machines of the company are repaired within the firm.Here there are 7 workers including a foreman. They have a fixed remuneration. OTHERS There are certain workers who concentrate on loading of dried and finished tile to store rooms. There is no fixed number of employees in this work and depends up on requirement. They are also paid in piece rate form. Some workers are placed in those sections of bringing firewood which is required for burning. Here at present 9 workers are there and piece rate system is followed and for one work they are paid 230 rupees. There is a pottery department where one employee is working for the last 27 years.If he designs 5 tiles per day it is treated as one work and salary is given according to that. EMPLOYEE WELFARE The CTC employees receive multiple welfare facilities. Company provides all the possible facilities and amenities to the workers. Since file industry is labour oriented industry every problem connected with the workers will adversely affect the production and the reputation of the company. The management of this company thoroughly understands that and tries to solve all the problems connected with workers. Various labour welfare activities made by mgt to workers are; I. CanteenThe company is running a very good canteen inside the factory. With the help of this canteen the workers can save 85% of their food expense, that is, the company is providing subsidized food to their employees. II. Increment Every year increment of salary is given to the employees after their retire ment. The minimum service required for getting gratuity is 5 years. Computation of gratuity: Gratuity = Salary x Service x 15/ 26 Other than this the company provides contribution to ESI, PF providing annual leaves and casual leaves, home appliance loan, bonus, etc†¦ PROBLEM FACING THE PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT Though the company is well maintaining its relations with the unions and employees still the personnel department faces a few problems. However most of the problems are effectively bought under organized by various techniques as participation management system used in CTC. * Manpower of human resources may be thought of as the total knowledge, skills and creative abilities, talents and attitude of the total workforce of the organization. Management should consider the fact that of all M’s of management (Men, Money, Machinery, Materials, Methods and Minutes).The most important and the most complex resources are the humans. Hence, men are the most valuable asset of an or ganization rather than money or any physical equipment. Only human resource can ensure the effective utilization of all other resources to lead the business activities in to a success. * * * * * * * * * HOLIDAY WITH PAY IS 26th January Republic Day 14th April Vishu 1st May World Workers Day 15th August Independence Day 2nd October Gandhi Jayanthi 25th December ChristmasShivarathri Good Friday Milady sheriff Onam Navami Id-ul-fither CHART & DIAGRAMS 1. Different posts occupied by the employees in the organization. POSTS| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Manager| 3| 7. 5| Supervisor| 6| 15| Forman| 8| 20| Workers| 23| 57. 5| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: Out of the total employees more than 50% of them are unskilled workers who directly engage in the production of tiles. So, of the total population more than half of them are workers. 2. Number of year worked by the employee in the company? NUMBER OF YEARS| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE| Below 8| 4| 10| -16| 3| 7. 5| 16-24| 16| 40| Above 24| 17| 42. 5| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: The pie diagram indicates that more than 80% of employees are with long term service. This indicates that labor turnover in the organization is not that high and is under control. 3. Have you received any special incentive till now? INCENTIVES| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Yes| 18| 45| No| 22| 55| Total| 40| 100| Interpretation: Out of the total employees in the organization 45% of them says or agrees that they had received incentive, while others contradicts to the statement and says ‘no’ to the question. . Are you satisfied with the present salary? SATISFIED| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Yes| 22| 55| No| 18| 45| Total| 40| 100| Table [ 1 ] Interpretation: The diagram indicates that almost half of the employees are satisfied with the salary and while others are not satisfied with the salary given. So management has to consider these factors well. 5. How do you rate the promotional policy adopted in the organization? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Excellent| 02| 05| Good| 14| 35| Average| 18| 45| Poor| 06| 15| Total| 40| 100| Interpretation:From the diagram it’s clear that as a whole, promotional policies are satisfactory since only 15% are not at all happy with the promotional efforts. Management should adopt such policies so that these 15% employees also show a positive sign. 6. Are you satisfied with the terms and conditions of the job? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Not at all| 06| 15| Up to a level| 24| 60| Fully| 10| 25| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: The diagram shows that employees are more or less satisfied with the terms and conditions of the job. Dissatisfaction level is comparatively lower. 25% is fully satisfied which is a good sign. . What is your opinion about relationship with management? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Friendly| 06| 15| Moderate| 28| 70| Strict| 05| 12. 5| No opinion| 01| 2. 5| t otal| 40| 100| Interpretation: 70% of the employees say that there is moderate relationship between employees and management. So the company is not following an autocratic type of structure. Here the chance of formation of informal organization is limited. 8. According to you which is the best motivating factor? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Monitory| 15| 37. 5| Non monitory| 06| 15| Both| 19| 47. | total| 40| 100| Interpretation: Since more than 50% of employees are unskilled workers, they can be primarily motivated with monitory incentives. From the diagram it is clear that employees give priority to the mixture of monitory and non monitory factors. 9. Have you received any fringe benefits from the company? | NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Yes| 19| 47. 5| No| 21| 52. 5| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: From the diagram response is 47. 5% says ‘yes’ and rest stays with ‘no’. Company mainly provides fringe benefits to skilled and off ice staffs rather than to the semi skilled workers. 0. Are your grievances fully satisfied by the company? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Not at all| | | Up to a level| 32| 80| Fully| 08| 20| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: Since the relationship between management and employees are good their grievances are also satisfied to an extent. No one in the company is fully disappointed with the company. 11. How do you rate the safety and security measures adopted in the organization? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Excellent| 10| 25| Good| 18| 45| Average| 10| 25| Poor| 02| 05| total| 40| 100|Interpretation From the survey conducted it is clear that the company gives much importance for the safety and security measures and 70% of the population is very much happy with the companies policies and only 5% of them is dissatisfied. 12. Are you satisfied with the retirement schemes of the company? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Highly satisfied| 12 | 30| Satisfied| 22| 55| Dissatisfied| 06| 15| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: The company provides almost all retirement benefits provided by similar companies like provident fund, gratuity etc. rom the graph it’s clear that there is a mixed response from the part of employers. 13. Are you active in trade union activities? R ATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Active| 14| 35| Passive| 08| 20| Neutral| 18| 45| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: From the graph it is clear that participation of employees towards trade union activity is neutral, but it may not be so accurate as sample taken is small and employees may not reveal the truth. 14. What is your opinion about canteen facility? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Excellent| -| -| Good| 07| 17. | Average| 14| 35| Poor| 19| 47. 5| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: It is an area where management has to keep their eyes open as majority of employees are not happy with the canteen. So they should try to take s teps to improve the conditions. 15. What is your opinion about sanitary facilities? RATING| NUMBER OF RESPONDANTS| PERCENTAGE (%)| Excellent| -| -| Good| 06| 15| Average| 21| 52. 5| Poor| 13| 32. 5| total| 40| 100| Interpretation: This is another area where management has to look up on, as employee satisfaction is a key area for the success of an organisation.CHAPTER VI PRODUCT PROFILE CHAPTER VI SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS Identification of SWOTs is essential because subsequent steps in the process of planning for achievement of the selected objective may be derived from the SWOTs. SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. STRENGTHAn industry with one thirty years of experience and highly experienced management. Wide range of products. Focus on producing high quality tiles. Ability to meet huge requirements any point of time. Better superior-subordinate relation. WEAKNESS: Accounting methods are not scientific. Less focus on marketing activities. Transportation totally depends on private vehicles. Cost of tiles is little high as compared to other states. Conventional practice of fixing clay is used. OPPORTUNITIES: Go out for innovation. Opportunities for diversification of product. Try new technologies. * THREATS:Problem of absenteeism. Clay is not available readily Firewood and other fuel used for burning become costly and its availability is limited. Strikes lockouts effect the continuity of production process and there by overall productivity of firm. * CHAPTER VI FINDINGS & SUGGESTIONS FINDINGS * CTC concentrates on production of tiles. Product of CTC is of high quality. Compare to other firms, price of CTC is lower. Employees are satisfied with the terms & conditions of the job as well as with the management. Productivity has increased in a slow rate. Less concentration on marketing of products.Since it is an organization with more than 100 years experience, it enjoys high degree of goodwill. Shortage of raw materials, firewood etc is great threat to the company. * SUGGESTIONS Demand for the product is high but the availability is low, so try to increase the production. Better salary should be given to employees so as to gain their confidence. Company should increase promotional efforts. Firm should concentrate on adding diversity to the product and then only it can with stand in the market. Reduce cost of production by using modern technologies Step should be taken to improve canteen and sanitary facilities.Find out an alternative source of energy for production. CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Calicut Tile Company, Kerala’s first tile company has really created revolution in this field. The QUEEN BRAND terracotta product s developed by CTC which really set the standards in the industry are widely acceptable to different culture, climate, and architectural tastes around the world. World is changing and modernization will have to be incorporated in every phase of working of the company and ways will have to be found to cope with competition and overcome the barriers of innovation.To conclude, management of CTC should make past emphasis and work effectively to supplement formal structures to tackle issues like product launching and cost reduction. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Marketing Management : Philip Kotler Marketing Management : A. Vinodh H R management : Mammoria Personnel management : Edwin. B. Flippo Company Records Website : www. calicuttilecompany. com www. google. com