Death, Be Not Proud - 1661 Words

Death â€Å"Death, be not proud (Holy Sonnet 10)† by John Donne dramatizes the conflict between the perception and the reality of death, through the use of imagery. The speaker completely talks down the common perception of death, stating that even though many have called it â€Å"mighty and dreadful,† it really is not. The speaker compares death to sleep, which is generally an enjoyable thing. The personification of death is something that is popular in culture. Death is often depicted as a skeletal character in a black robe and scythe, also known as the Grim Reaper. Ultimately through death, one finds eternal life and death will cease to exist. In a way death is just another stage of life, but not necessarily the end. This poem is written in the form of a sonnet. A sonnet is composed of 14 lines written in iambic pentameter while also following a rhyme scheme. Iambic pentameter consists of 10 syllable lines, but Donne does not follow these standards to a T. For the mo st part this poem seems to be a Shakespearean sonnet, which starts with three quatrains and ends with a couplet. The rhyme scheme used here follows the pattern of ABBA ABBA CDDC AA (or EE), which is not the typical rhyme scheme that Shakespeare used when writing his sonnets. The couplet at the end is kind of a stretch, as the words â€Å"eternally† and â€Å"die† do not actually rhyme, unless the former is pronounced as â€Å"eternal-lie† or the latter is pronounced with a long â€Å"e.† Death has taken many forms and meanings overShow MoreRelatedDeath Be Not Proud1269 Words   |  6 PagesCoursework John Donne and Tony Harrison both discuss death in their poems. They were written in different eras and both poems have different views on this subject. John Donne had a rather privileged upbringing as he was born into a prosperous family and studied law at Oxbridge. Donne, however, was also unfortunate as he lost is father very early in his life and this could have affected his views on death. Tony Harrison on the other hand was born into a proud working class family in Leeds. Harrison’s poemRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud1025 Words   |  5 PagesGreg Mohnkern ID: L23191458 WRITING STYLE USED: Essay of poetry (MLA style) Thesis Statement: â€Å"Death be not proud† by John Donne personifies death, as its title aptly prescribes. Giving death human traits allows the writer to blast him with colorful images full of sarcasm and a tone of defiance. The ultimate message of the author provokes the human soul to resist the fear of death. Outline: Introduction: Thesis statement Transition: Discuss the writer’s life in relationshipRead More Death Be Not Proud Essay821 Words   |  4 Pagesto die? In the memoir Death Be Not Proud by John Gunther, his son Named Johnny is faced with this situation. At an early age, Johnny was found with a brain tumor, and struggles to survive. Johnny later died from the brain tumor. Johnny was loved by many people; much of whom tried his/her best to help Johnny through this ordeal. Although Johnny was faced with death, Johnny faced death with courage throughout the book. Even though Johnny was faced with death, he faced death with courage. Johnny showedRead MoreDeath, Be Not Proud by John Donne755 Words   |  4 Pages In John Donne’s sonnet â€Å"Death, Be Not Proud† death is closely examined and Donne writes about his views on death and his belief that people should not live in fear of death, but embrace it. â€Å"Death, Be Not Proud† is a Shakespearean sonnet that consists of three quatrains and one concluding couplet, of which I individually analyzed each quatrain and the couplet to elucidate Donne’s arguments with death. Donne converses with death, and argues that death is not the universal destroyer of life. He elaboratesRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud By John Donne1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe progression of societal beliefs regarding our approach towards death is dependent upon the changing nature of both cultural and historical contexts. In Donne’s Holy Sonnet ‘Death be not proud’ he uses second person narration to address â€Å"Death† as â€Å"thou†, â€Å"thee† and â€Å"thy†, death is not considered conceptually bu t anthropomorphised as the poems fundamental pride. In ‘Death be not proud’, we see how the rumination of death is shaped by Elizabethan values. Through the subverted Petrarchan structureRead MoreDeath, Be Not Proud, By John Donne1303 Words   |  6 PagesDeath and mortality are common themes widely used throughout poetry and other numerous works of literature. As well as this, death is a common occurrence in life, and though most people refuse to accept or acknowledge it, everyone must deal with it at some point in their lifetime. Whether it be the death of a family member, friend, or the final stages of your own life you will experience death in some way. In the poems, â€Å"Death, be not proud† and â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,† the speakersRead MoreDeath Be Not Proud By John Donne1908 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Donne’s poem, â€Å"Death Be Not Proud† (1633), is only one of the impressive poems in his collection: The Holy S onnets. In â€Å"Death Be Not Proud†, Donne expresses his Anglican beliefs as he addresses death’s fraudulent image and unjustified pride. Donne’s audience is death, but his poem is also intended for its  readers, who  Ã¢â‚¬Å"some have called [death] / Mighty and dreadful† (1-2). He begins the poem with a calm, conversational tone, but becomes more aggressive and expositive as his poem progresses.Read MoreJohn Donne Death Be Not Proud Analysis799 Words   |  4 PagesIs Death the Finale? Death has always been an intriguing topic in literature. Writers have been confounded by the idea of death and the unknown afterlife for centuries. Some people believe death is the end of all things because nothing can withstand it. In John Donne’s poem, â€Å"Death, be not proud,† the poet explains his personal understanding of death and its permanence. This poem is a narrative sonnet. Although this sonnet follows the rhyme scheme of an Italian sonnet (abba cddc effe gg), it alsoRead MoreAnalysis Of Death Be Not Proud By John Donne745 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holy Sonnet, â€Å"Death Be Not Proud† written by John Donne. He was the founder of metaphysical poems in the Elizabeth period and a religious figure. A Metaphysical Poetic style maybe philosophical and spiritual subjects that were approached with reason and often concluded in paradox. Metaphysical poets examined serious questions about existence of God the Holy Sonnet 10 was one of nineteen other Holy So nnets he wrote. Donne was famous for his poems of life, death, and religion. This poem was writtenRead MoreAnalysis Of Death Be Not Proud By John Donne1488 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout his poems, John Donne uses literary devices, such as imagery and diction, to discuss an overarching theme of death along with its religious implications, done most noticeably in the Holy Sonnet â€Å"Death Be Not Proud† and the lyrical poem â€Å"Hymn to God, My God, In My Sickness.† He also elaborates on the complexity of emotion, particularly in the metaphysical love poem, â€Å"The Flea.† Donne’s witty and clever style paired with his affinity for social and religious commentary allows his works to

Fshore Oil Drilling Job - 1229 Words

Employees communicate with each other for effectively carrying out corporate responsibilities. As Robbins and Judge (2014) explains employee shares and conveys ideas and information through communication using four of its major functions such as â€Å"control, motivation, emotional expression and information† (p. 299). The offshore oil-drilling job is complex and needs engineering expertise. BP had undertaken deep-water oil drilling at the Macondo well using the Transocean offshore oil rig. It is expected that BP and its partner, Halliburton, Transocean needed detailed collaborative communication plan across between all the parties. Let us examine some of the critical communication before the disaster. BP engineer communicating that, the†¦show more content†¦36). Halliburton also presented to BP that seven centralizer is very likely to create â€Å"severe gas flow problem† (p. 36). Subsequent days there was a pressure test conducted by oil rig owners and tool p usher Wyman Wheeler, who did not believe explanations received. Another negative test performed and during the new negative test, the pressure came down on a different pipe and not for the drill pipe and the crew moved on with the rest of the process. According to BP, tool pusher Jason Anderson justifies the anomalous reading as the â€Å"bladder effect and had been seen this before† (p.6). The negative test expectation is not necessarily the same since there is no pressure from the drill pipe. The drilling crew prepared for the cement plug top of the oil well by reopening the blowout preventer and â€Å"pumping seawater down the drill pipe to displace the mud and spacer from the riser† according to the United States (2011), Deep water, (p.7) and the crew began discharging the spacer. At 9.20 pm on the fatal day before the explosion, Anderson responded to another colleague, the negative test â€Å"went well†. Just after Anderson is discussing with BP representat ives who praised the job, the explosion started with throwing mud. There will be check and balances on all levels for any well-designed process, but it is clear the communication did not happen at all levels. At the initial explosion, there was chaos, and no one knows the accurate count and evaluates

Cell Membrane Structure And Phospoholipid Layer Biology Essay Example For Students

Cell Membrane Structure And Phospoholipid Layer Biology Essay A cell is the basic unit of life, and the cell membrane is an of import construction nowadays in all cells, irrespective of whether they are works cells or carnal cells. This construction is a critical constituent of any cell and it has a assortment of of import maps. Cell membrane maps include keeping the boundaries of the cells, therefore back uping the contents of the cell, keeping proper cell to cell contact, modulating the entry and issue of molecules in and out of the cell, etc. Therefore, to understand how the cell membrane manages to transport out this process, one needs to understand the cell membrane construction. Given below are the assorted constituents that comprise the construction of the cell membrane harmonizing to the Fluid Mosaic theoretical account. The first bed of cell membrane consists of a phosphid bilayer. The phosphate molecules are arranged in such a manner that the hydrophilic caputs are on the outside, while the hydrophobic fatty acid dress suits are on the interior, confronting each other. The dress suits of the molecule are said to be hydrophobic and that is why they points inside towards each other. This specific agreement of the lipid bilayer is for the intent of forestalling the entry of polar solutes, like amino acids, proteins, saccharides, etc. Therefore, the phosphate lipid bilayer is one of the chief factors responsible for modulating the entry and issue of molecules in and out of the cell. Outline1 Integral Membrane Proteins2 Other Elementss3 Cell Membrane Function4 Cell Membrane and Other Partss of a Cell5 What is a Cell Membrane?6 What is the Function of the Cell Membrane?7 Biological Membranes and the Cell Surface8 A9 Membrane Functions10 Membrane Structure Harmonizing to the Fluid Mosaic Model of Singer and Nicolson11 A12 A13 A14 Membrane Lipids15 Bilayer Formation16 Membrane Fluidity17 How Cells Regulate Membrane Fluidity18 Membrane Carbohydrates Glycolipids and Glycoproteins19 Membrane Proteins20 A21 An Example Asymetry of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Membranes22 A23 The Extracellular Matrix ( ECM ) and Plant Cell Walls24 Cell to Cell Attachments25 Tight Junctions and Desmosomes26 Cell Gaps27 Plasmodesmata A ; Gap Junctions28 Cell Communication29 Three Phases of Cellular Communication30 No affair where they are located, signal receptors have several general features31 Two Methods of Cell-Cell Communication32 G Protein receptors33 Tyrosine-Kinase Receptors Anoth er Example of a Signal Transduction Pathway34 Signal Transduction Shutdown Integral Membrane Proteins Integral membrane proteins are those proteins that are a portion of the cell membrane construction. They are present between back-to-back molecules of phopholipids. These hempen proteins present may cross the full length of the cell membrane. These molecules have of import maps, as they serve as receptors for the cell. Some of the proteins of the cell membrane may besides come in the cell. Sometimes, a portion of the protein molecule is inside and some of it is outside. These sort of protein molecules act as bearers for active conveyance of substances in and out of the cell. Some of these protein molecules form pores and therefore, allow fatty acids and other lipid indissoluble in H2O molecules to go through through. Furthermore, other built-in proteins serve as channel proteins every bit good to assistance in selective conveyance of ions in and out of the cell. Such molecules are seeable with the aid of an negatron microscopy. Other Elementss Certain other elements may besides be present along the length of the cell membrane, depending on the location and demands of the cell. These constructions include ball-shaped proteins, which are peripherally placed and are merely at times associated with the cell. These protein molecules may even be enzymes or glycoproteins. In such instances, either the cell will hold particular maps, or the location of the cell may necessitate it to execute certain specific maps. When speech production of works cell vs animate being cell, there is one of import construction that is to boot present most of the clip in carnal cells. These molecules are cholesterol molecules, which aid the phospholipids in doing the membrane impermeable to H2O soluble substances. These cholesterin molecules besides stabilize the membrane and supply the cell with a cushion consequence , which prevents it from enduring any major hurts due to trauma and impact forces. Cell Membrane Function Cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell, which keep the ingredients of a cell integral. Apart from that, there are assorted other maps, that are carried out by this construction. Read on Cell Membrane Function It is a common fact that cells are the cardinal edifice blocks of life. These constructions form the basic structural and functional unit of any living thing. While some beings, like, bacteriums are one-celled, most other life things are multicellular. In instance of multicellular beings like worlds ( an grownup homo has about 100 trillion cells in the organic structure ) , there are assorted types of cells, which are assigned different maps. Each cell is made of intricate constructions, which forms an interrelated web, which strives to transport out the map of that cell. As the nature of the map of the cells differ, the maps of assorted parts of the cells excessively differ. Let us take a expression at the assorted parts of a cell, particularly, the cell membrane and cell membrane map. Cell Membrane and Other Partss of a Cell Basically there are two types of cells eucaryotic and procaryotic. While workss, animate beings, Fungis, protozoons, etc. possess eucaryotic cells, procaryotic cells are found in bacteriums merely. The difference between the two types of cells lie in the fact that procaryotic cells do non hold karyons ( and/or some other cell organs ) and are relatively smaller, as compared to eucaryotic 1s. Equally far as eucaryotic cells are concerned, the basic construction includes parts like DNA, ribosomes, cyst, endoplasmic Reticulum ( both rough and smooth ) , Golgi setup, cytoskeleton, chondriosome, vacuole, centrioles, lysosome, cytol, plasma membrane and cell wall. While works cells have a big vacuole and a definite cell wall, carnal cells lack cell wall but some may hold really little vacuoles. Animal cells do non hold chloroplasts excessively. This article is about cell membrane, which is besides known as plasma membrane or plasmalemma. Scroll down for information about cell membrane map . Y2k (1015 words) EssayMake membrane less fliuid Solid at room temperature Bad Fats that geta arterias ( carnal fats ) Unsaturated fatty acids Some C=C bond ( dual bonds ) Bent concatenation maintaining dress suits apart Make membrane more fluid Polyunsaturated fats have multiple dual bonds and decompression sicknesss Liquid at room temperature Good Fats which do non choke off arterias ( vegetable fats ) Cholesterol Reduces membrane fluidness by cut downing phospholipid motion Hinders solidification at low ( room ) temperatures How Cells Regulate Membrane Fluidity Desaturate fatty acids Produce more unsaturated fatty acids Change tail length ( the longer the tail, the less unstable the membrane ) Membrane Carbohydrates Glycolipids and Glycoproteins Face off from cytol ( on exterior of cell ) Attached to protein or lipid Blood antigens Determine blood type edge to lipoids ( glycolipids ) Glycoproteins Protein Receptors Provide specificity for cell-cell or cell-protein interactions ( see below ) Membrane Proteins Peripheral Proteins wholly on membrane surface ionic and H-bond interactions with hydrophilic lipoids and protein groups can be removed with high salt or alkaline Built-in Proteins Possess hydrophobic spheres which are anchored to hydrophobic lipoids alpha spiral more complex construction A An Example Asymetry of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Membranes Apical surface selectively absorbs stuffs Contains specific conveyance proteins Lateral surface interacts with adjacent cells Contains junction proteins to let cellular communicating Basal surface sticks to extracellular matrix and exchanges with blood Contains proteins for grounding A The Extracellular Matrix ( ECM ) and Plant Cell Walls In carnal cells, the ECM is a mish-mash of proteins ( normally collagen ) and gel-forming polyoses The ECM is connected to the cytoskeletin via Integrins and Fibronectins Plant Primary Cell Walls for a stiff cross-linked web of cellulose fibres and pectin a fibre complex Fiber complexs resist tenseness and compaction Plant Secondary Cell Walls are farther strengthened w/ Lignin Secondary Cell Walls is fundamentally what comprises wood Cell to Cell Attachments Tight Junctions and Desmosomes Tight Junctions are specialised proteins in the plasma membranes of next animate being cells they sew together next cells organize a watertight cell Desmosomes are specialised connexion protein composites in animate being cells they stud cells together they are attached to the intermediate fibres of next cells Cell Gaps Plasmodesmata A ; Gap Junctions In works cells, Plasmodesmata are spreads in the cell wall create direct connexions between next cells May contain proteins which regulate cell to cell exchange organize a uninterrupted cytoplasmatic connexion between cells called the symplast In carnal cells, Gap Junctions are holes lined with specialised proteins let cell-cell communicating ( this is what coordinates your pulse ) Cell Communication In multi-cellular being, cells can pass on via chemical courier Three Phases of Cellular Communication Reception A chemical message ( ligand ) binds to a protein on the cell surfaceA Transduction The binding of the signal molecule alters the receptor protein in some manner. The signal normally starts a cascade of reactions known as a signal transduction tract Response The transduction pathway eventually triggers a response The responses can change from turning on a cistron, triping an enzyme, rearranging the cytoskeleton There is normally an elaboration of the signal ( one endocrine can arouse the response of over 108 molecules No affair where they are located, signal receptors have several general features signal receptors are specific to cell types ( i.e. you wo nt happen insulin receptors on bone cells ) receptors are dynamicA the figure of receptors on a cell surface is variable the ability of a molecule to adhere to the receptor is non fixed ( i.e. it may worsen w/ intense stimulation ) receptors can be blocked Two Methods of Cell-Cell Communication Steroid Hormones can come in straight into a cell bind to receptors in the cytosol hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, bring oning alteration testosterone, estrogen, Lipo-Lutin are illustrations of steroid endocrines Signal Transduction transition of signals from one signifier to another Very complicated tracts all are different! G Protein receptors G-proteins are called as such because they have GTP edge to them Receptors have inactive G-proteins associated with them When the signal binds to the receptor, the G-protein alterations form and becomes active ( into the on constellation ) The active G-protein binds to an enzyme which produces a secondary message Frequently, 2nd couriers activate other couriers, making a cascade G-protein signal transduction sequences are highly common in carnal systems embryologic development human vision and odor over 60 % of all medicines used today exert their effects by act uponing G-protein tracts Tyrosine-Kinase Receptors Another Example of a Signal Transduction Pathway Tyrosine-Kinase Receptors frequently have a construction similar to the diagram below: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/f06pm/tyro-kin02.jpg Part of the receptor on the cytoplasmatic side serves as an enzyme which catalyzes the transportation of phosphate groups from ATP to the amino acerb Tyrosine on a substrate protein The activation of a Tyrosine-Kinase Receptor occurs as follows: Two signal molecule binds to two nearby Tyrosine-Kinase Receptors, doing them to aggregate, organizing a dimer The formation of a dimer activated the Tyrosine-Kinase part of each polypeptide The activated Tyrosine-Kinases phosphorylate the Tyrosine residues on the protein The activated receptor protein is now recognized by specific relay proteins They bind to the phosphorylated tyrosines, which cause, you guessed it, a conformation alteration. The activated relay protein can so trip a cellular response One activated Tyrosine-Kinase dimer can trip over 10 different relay proteins, each which triggers a different response The ability of one ligand adhering event to arouse so many response tracts is a cardinal difference between these receptors and G-protein-linked receptors ( that, and the absence of G- proteins of class ) Abnormal Tyrosine-Kinases that aggregate without the binding of a ligand have been linked with some signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease Signal Transduction Shutdown Most signal-transduction/hormone systems are designed to close down quickly Enzymes called phosphatases take the phosphate groups from secondary couriers in the cascade This will close down the signal transduction tract at least until another signal is received

Mary Reynolds Essays - International Relations, Communism In Russia

Mary Reynolds April 24, 2000 Dr. Boitano U.S. Foreign Policy The Rise of the Superpower Russia and the United States grew to become the main superpowers in the arena of international relations during a specific time in history. The emergence of these two countries as superpowers can be traced back to World War II. In order to be a superpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, an overpowering military, immense political power, and a strong national ideology (Aga-Rossi 65). It was World War II, and its results that caused each of these countries to experience such a plurality of power (Ovyany 97). Before the war, both nations were fit to be described as great powers, but it would be incorrect to say that they were superpowers at that point. To understand how the second World War impacted these nations so greatly, the causes of the war must be examined. The United States gained its strength in world affairs from its status as an economic power. Prior to the war, America was the world's largest producer. During the same time in Russia, Stalin was implementing his "five year plan" to modernize the Soviet economy. From these situations, similar foreign policies resulted. It is important to discuss the leaders and their strategies during this time to understand how these countries became superpowers. Many U.S. citizens believed that America entered the war in order to save capitalist investments in Europe. Whether this is the case or not, President Roosevelt signed the Neutrality Act of 1935, making it illegal for the United States to ship arms to the antagonists of any conflict (Aga-Rossi 68). The act also stated that the antagonists could only buy non-armaments from the U.S., and even these were only to be bought with cash (Aga-Rossi 69). In contrast, although Stalin was interested in European affairs it was only to the extent to keep Russia out of war. Stalin wanted to consolidate Communist power and modernize the country's industry. The Soviet Union was committed to collective action for peace, as long as that commitment did not mean that the Soviet Union would in turn face a potential Nazi attack. Examples of this can be seen in the Soviet Union's attempts to achieve a mutual assistance treaty with Britain and France. These treaties, however, were designed more to create security for the West, as opposed to keeping all three signatories from harm. At the same time, Stalin was attempting to polarize both the Anglo-French, and the Axis powers against each other. The important result of this was the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact, which petitioned Poland and allowed Hitler to start the war (Divine 31). Another side-effect of Stalin's policy of playing both sides was that it caused incredible distrust towards the Soviets from the Western powers after 1940. Author Robert A. Divine adds, "this was due in part to the fact that Stalin made several demands for both influence in the Dardanelles, and for Bulgaria to be recognized as a Soviet independent" (31). The seeds of superpowerdom lies here, R.J. Overy wrote "stability in Europe might have been achieved through the existence of powers so strong that they could impose their will on the whole of the international system, as has been the case since 1945" (215). At the time, there was no power in the world that could achieve such a feat. Britain and France were in sovereign decline, and more concerned about colonial economics than the stability of Europe. Both imperial powers assumed that"empire-building" would necessarily be an inevitable feature of the world system. German aggression could have been stifled early, had the imperial powers acted simultaneously. The memories of World War One, however, were too powerful and the general public would not condone a military solution at that point (Morrison 35). After the economic crisis of the 1930's, Britain and France lost much of their former international standing. As the world markets plummeted, so did their relative power. The two nations were determined to maintain their status as great powers, without relying on the U.S. or Russia for support of any kind. They went to war only because further appeasement would have only served to remove from them their little remaining world standing and prestige (LeFerber 127). The creation of a non-aggression pact between the Soviet Union and Germany can be viewed as an example of imperial decline as well. The common desire of many of the great European powers for a change in the world state system meant that either a massive war would have to be

102 Monsters and Difference Professor Ramos Blog

102 Monsters and Difference Thesis IV. The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference Quick Write Consider Cohens assertion that monsters can represent cultural , political, racial, economic, [and/or] sexual difference. In what ways have you seen this process occurring in your everyday life? Thesis IV. The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference People who are different can be viewed as monsters. Differences tend to be political, cultural, racial economic, sexual, not fitting into the norm. People make up stories that will form the different people into monsters. The â€Å"monsters† are a threat. Used to justify treating them differently. Going against what was considered the norm of the culture was considered monstrous. This included sexual orientation, , race, economic status, and political preference.; this allowed   actions against these â€Å"monsters†, or â€Å"not   normal† individuals to be justified. â€Å"Representing an anterior culture as monstrous justifies its displacement or extermination by rendering the act heroic† (Cohen). The monster is difference made flesh (7) for the most part, difference tends to be cultural, political, racial, economic, sexual (7) Sample Evaluations The Realm of the Pale Man Medusa! Monstrous Creature Representative of Feminism I am Fire, I am Death, I Smell a Barbeque These Humanoid Machines Are After More Than Just Your Manufacturing Job Evaluation Notes Writing an Evaluation: It is one thing to offer an opinion, yet it is an entirely different matter to back up a claim with reasons and evidence. Only when you do will readers take you seriously. You are evaluating one or more representations of a monster or category of monster. Explain your mission: Just what do you intend to evaluate and for whom? Are you writing for experts, a general audience, or novices? How much explaining do you need to do so that you audience follows you without getting annoyed with too much information. If it is a well known monster you do not have to go into detail to explain it to us. If it is one we would not generally know, you have some work to do to introduce and explain it. Establish and defend criteria: Criteria are the standards by which objects are measured. Successful presidents leave office with the country in better shape than when they entered. When readers are likely to share your criteria, you need to explain little about them. When readers disagree or object, be prepared to defend your principles. Remember: Monster Theory (Seven Theses) is a great starting point for establishing criteria. Offer convincing evidence: Evidence makes the connection between an opinion and the criteria for evaluation that supports it. Supply data to show that a product you judged faulty didn’t meet those minimal standards. The monster evidence should come from your primary sources of the monster. The movie, book, short story, video, etc. Offer worthwhile advice: Some evaluations are just for fun. Done right, most evaluations and reviews provide usable information, beneficial criticism or even ranked choices. Make sure to answer the so what question? Why does this matter? What can we learn about society or ourselves by understanding the monster? The Evaluation Essay Purpose of Evaluations Let’s look at an example evaluation for a movie. The Hunger Games: EW Review Lisa Schwarzbaum is reviewing â€Å"The Hunger Games† movie. Does she acknowledge what her mission is and who her audience is? What criteria does she establish for it to succeed? Does she anticipate her audience’s questions and reactions? Does she address any differences between the book and movie? What is her grade or judgment of the movie?

Subcultural theories Essays

Subcultural theories Essays Subcultural theories Paper Subcultural theories Paper Subcultural theories of youth civilization owe much to the pioneering work of the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies ( CCCS ) during the 1970s and early 1980s. The CCCS make usage of the term subculture from US sociologists at Chicago University, and applied it to visually typical post-World War II British working category young person civilizations, such as teddy male childs, mods, and bootboyss. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical positions: the functionalist position, the Marxist position and the post-modernist position. These positions offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explicating how society influences people, and frailty versa. Each position unambiguously conceptualises society, societal forces, and human behavior. Functionalism Functionalism is the oldest, and still the dominant, theoretical position in sociology and many other societal scientific disciplines. Harmonizing to the functionalist position each facet of society is mutualist and contributes to society s operation as a whole. Functionalists see society as holding a construction, with cardinal establishments executing critical maps, and roles directing people in how to act. They identify the maps of each portion of the construction. For illustration, the province, or the authorities, provides instruction for the kids of the household, which in bend wages revenue enhancements on which the province depends to maintain itself running. This means that the household is dependent upon the school to assist kids turn up to hold good occupations so that they can raise and back up their ain households. In the procedure, the kids become observant, taxpaying citizens, who in bend support the province. If the procedure succeeds the parts of society green goods order, stableness and productiveness. On the other manus, if the procedure does non travel good, the parts of society so must accommodate to recapture a new order, stableness, and productiveness. For illustration, as we are soon sing, during a fiscal recession with its high rates of unemployment and rising prices, net income and salary decrease, societal plans are trimmed or cut. Families tighten their budgets while employers offer fewer concern plans, and a new societal order, stableness and productiveness occur. Functionalists believe that society is held together by societal consensus, or coherence, in which society members agree upon, and work together to accomplish, what is best for society as a whole. Emile Durkheim suggested that societal consensus takes one of two signifiers: Mechanical Solidarity: This is a signifier of societal coherence that arises when people in a society maintain similar values and beliefs and prosecute in similar types of work. Mechanical solidarity most commonly occurs in traditional, simple societies such as those in which everyone herds cowss or farms. Amish society exemplifies mechanical solidarity. Organic Solidarity: This is a signifier of societal coherence that arises when people in a society are mutualist, but hold to changing values and beliefs and engage in changing types of work. Organic solidarity most commonly occurs in industrialized, complex societies such as those in big American metropoliss like New York in the 2000s. He decided that crime and deviance were the proof that the individual did not fit into societys accepted goals and did not agree with the socially approved means of obtaining those goals. He identified this as strain between the individual and society, and discovered that the greater the strain, the greater the chance of the individual being either deviant or criminal in their behaviour. Merton argued that all societies, whether in Britain or in the jungles of Africa, set their members certain goals and provided them with socially approved ways to achieve this goal. Merton considered the fact that not all the individuals in a society share the same goals; he pointed out that in a stratified society the goals were linked to a persons position in the social structure. Therefore, those lower down the social ladder, had restricted goals. He noted that the system worked well as long as the majority of the population had a reasonable chance of achieving their goals. However, if the majority of the population were unable to achieve their goals, they would become disenchanted with society, and sought out alternative, often deviant, ways of behaving. Merton used Durkheims term anomie to describe this situation. One example of Mertons theory in practice in todays society, is the notion of The American Dream. The American Dream, is a notion held by many that through hard work and material prosperity, residents of the United States will be able to achieve their goals in life; for some this is the ability to achieve more material prosperity than would be possible in their country of origin; the chance for their children to get an education; or the freedom of life without class, gender, racial or religious discriminations. However, for many, this dream is just that, an unachievable dream, and when they realise this, many turn to illegitimate means of money making to help them survive in the materialistic society that is America. Merton identified five different forms of behaviour which could be understood as a strain between goals and means. The first is conformity, in which the individual continues to adhere to both the goals and means, despite the limited likelihood of success, such as the many office workers in New York City, who are living on the poverty line. Another form identified by Merton is Innovation, where the individual accepts the goals of society, but uses different ways to achieve these goals, so the outcome may result in the person being involved in deviant activity, such as soft drug dealers, who long for the materialistic possessions, yet instead of working legitimately, they get their money through deviant behaviour. The third form is Ritualism, this is when the means are used by the individual, but sight of the actual goal is lost, for example a traffic warden, who is not bothered about earning lots of money, but blindly enforces the law without looking at the nature of justice. Ritualism, is the fourth form, in which the individual rejects both the goals and means and society, this is most likely to be a person who is dependant upon drugs and alcohol. The final form of strain can be labelled as Rebellion, where both the socially sanctioned goals and means are rejected and different ones substituted; these individuals are often religious extremists, such as Suicide Bombers. Although Mertons idea of strain has concrete examples in society, many sociologists have criticised his approach to subcultural crime and deviance as being too simple. They say that there are some people who border on the lines between categories. Also, some believe it is too ethnocentric. Valier (2001), criticised Merton for his stress on the existence of common goals in society. Valier argues that instead of such great social consensus, there are in fact a variety of goals that people strive to attain at any one time. Having been heavily influenced by Mertons work Cloward and Ohlin (1960) carried out their own research, entitled the Illegitimate Opportunity Structure. They argued that Merton had failed to appreciate that there was a parallel opportunity structure to the legal one; the Illegitimate Opportunity Structure. This, to them, meant that many subcultures prevalent in society, had found that a career was available, in which illegal means were used to obtain societys goals. According to Cloward and Ohlin, the Illegitimate Opportunity Structure had three possible adaptations or subcultures. The first of these was Criminal, which states that if there is a thriving local criminal subculture, there will be successful role models in that area, therefore young offenders can work their way up the ladder in the criminal hierarchy. Conflict was identified as the second subculture, and it was noted that this occurred when there was no local criminal subculture to provide career opportunities. Groups and individuals brought up in this environment often turn to violence, usually against other similar groups, for example gang turf wars, where gangs use violence to determine who owns which patch. The final adaption is known as Retreatist, and this tends to be an individual response which occurs when the individual has no exposure or opportunity to be involved with the other two subcultures of Criminal and Conflict. The result therefore, is a retreat into alcoholism or drug dependency. A good example of Cloward and Ohlins theories into these subcultures is Dick Hobbs book Bad Buisness (1998), in which Hobbs interviewed successful criminals and demonstrated how careers in crime are possible, given the right connection and exposure to this subculture. This explanation of criminal deviance is useful and, alongside Hobbs work, shows that for some people crime can be a career choice. But the approach is not completely correct, it shares similar weaknesses to Mertons Strain Theory. One criticism which is shared with Merton, is the categorisation of individuals; there are many people who may be sat on the border of two categories, and also, it is difficult to except the three categories, as there is no reference to people who break free from this subculture. Furthermore, many argue that both theories fail to recognise female deviance, as this often follows a slightly different pattern and is not as easy to define. Albert Cohen (1955) drew upon both Mertons ideas of strain and also on the ethnographic ideas (form of observational research) of the Chicago School of Sociology. He was particularly interested in why crime was carried out, and he discovered it was more for the thrill of the act, rather than for the money involved. Many modern day sociologists believe this is as true today as it was in the 1950s, for example, joyriding has increased, yet the cars are burnt, not sold on, so there is not an economic reasoning behind the crime, it must just be committed for the thrill. Cohen believed that lower-class boys wanted to excel middle-class values and aspirations, but lacked the means to obtain this success. This lead to a sense of personal failure and inadequacy, which Cohen called status frustration. This resulted in the rejection of the acceptable behaviour in which they could not succeed. He suggests that school therefore, is the key area for the playing out of this drama, as lower-class children are much more likely to fail and feel humiliated in the classroom. To counteract this and gain status, they invert traditional values and behave badly, engaging in a variety of antisocial behaviour. They may often resort to being the class-clown, who fools around and disrupts the lesson, as they feel this is the way to climb up the social ladder. However, many have criticised Cohen, least of all Feminist Sociologists. As with Cloward and Ohlin and Merton, there is no discussion of female deviancy, his study is solely based on males. Also, Cohen failed to prove that school really was the environment in which success and failure are demonstrated mainly. But the major criticism of his work is that he assumes the young delinquents must be brilliant sociologists to work out that they are lower-class, to work out the middle-class values and then invert them to gain status. Many believe Cohen is correct, he has just missed the fundamental point that these individuals are children. Another subcultural sociologist was writing in the 1950s, Walter Miller. He developed an approach to crime, which expanded on Cohens class based theory. Miller suggested the deviancy was linked to the culture of the lower-class males; suggesting that they have six focal concerns which are likely to lead them to delinquency. The first was smartness; that the individual must look good and also be witty with a sharp repartee. Also, the concern of trouble; the culture of I dont go looking for trouble it finds me, its never their fault, they didnt start it. Focal concern number three links to Cohen and his discovery that crime was committed for the thrill, yet Miller says that lower-class males feel it is important to search out these thrills and so calls this concern excitement. Toughness is the fourth concern, the individuals must not only demonstrate this, but they must be physically stronger than the others. The fifth concern is Autonomy, it is important for the individual not to be pushed around by the others in the gang. And the final focal concern outlined by Miller is Fate; individuals have little chance to overcome the fate that awaits them, the fate of a deviant career for example. Therefore, according to Miller, young lower-class males become delinquents due to the implicit values of their subculture. Yet, Miller provides little evidence of these specific middle class values. Box (1981) highlights that the values could equally apply to males right across the class structure. Also, female deviancy is not considered again! One consistent criticism of subcultural theories is that there is little evidence to demonstrate this distinct set of antisocial values. Even if there are subcultures, why would they respond to certain middle or working class values? Matza bonded these criticisms together to attack subcultural theory. He argued that instead of subcultures having different values, we all share a set of subterranean (hidden) values. The key thing is that most people control these deviant desires, they may rarely emerge, say at the office party, yet when they do we use techniques of neutralisation to provide justification for our deviant actions. Some examples include the denial of responsibility- it wasnt me, it was the alcohol; or denial of injury- victim wasnt hurt, often used when justifying stealing from a company rather than individual. Matza is therefore arguing that the difference between a persistent offender and a law-abiding citizen is simply the frequency and environment in which our subterranean values appear to the public. Matzas critique of subculture is deemed by many as devastating. He is saying that all of us share deviant subcultural values and that it is not true that there are distinctive groups with their own values, different from the rest of us. Carl Nightingale took yet another approach towards deviance, and his subcultural theory does not focus on crime, but that black youth are marginalised, often driving them towards deviance; the Paradox of Inclusion. For his book On The Edge(1993), Nightingale studied young Black youth in inner-city Philadelphia. He discovered that subculture derives from the desire to be part of mainstream US culture, that is to say that subcultures occur due to the rejection and marginalising of youth by society. In America, Black children avidly consume US culture by watching television with its emphasis on consumerism and the success of violence, yet at the same time they are excluded economically, racially and politically from participating in the mainstream society they idolise. This is seen in England through the Chav culture. Those individuals dress how they see on television in music videos, so they can fit in, yet by doing so, they ironically become individuals which society fears, and therefore marginalises. These individuals begin to identify themselves through acquiring clothing with high-status labels, such as Nike or Adidas. Once again, drawing upon Mertons ideas, the subculture reflects the belief that it is not so much how these high status goods are obtained rather the fact of possessing them, which is often through crime and violence. This links with Phillip Bourgois study of El Barrio. He looks at the lives of drug dealers and criminals in the deprived areas of New York. He wanted to study the underground econmy, everything ranging from babysitting to hard drug dealing, in this marginalised society. He realised they were marginalised for many reasons, particularly racial and due to their high poverty lifestyles, society excluded them. He discovered that the severe abuse of drugs and alcohol prevalent in El Barrio, was due to the marginalisation and alienation from mainstream American Society, which many residents encountered daily. The change of drugs and scale which Bougois monitored was widespread and dramatic, with everyone in the society involved. However, although they did not share the same means as mainstream America, they shared the same goals, as in to achieve the American Dream. Bourgois noted that the legitimate economy mirrors the illegitimate economy, there is a hierarchal system in place, which all obey, just like legitimately. He decided that the pressure of the American Dream is what caused many to deviate into criminal activity, as this way they could obtain the needed money to pursue their dream. His main finding was that crime makes economic sense, why would these people surviving on the bread line want to work in an office, earning the minimum wage, when they can earn ten times as much on their own doorstep? And this attitude is shared all over the world by many living in poverty. Since 1998, there has been the introduction of ASBOs; Anti-Social Behaviour Orders, but there has been much dispute as to whether these actually prevent deviant behaviour. Many believe that by labelling delinquent youths as Anti-Social, they accept this label and it turns into a self-fulfilling prophecy, where the youngster feels they must live up to this reputation. Others believe that ASBOs are seen as labels to be had and are worthy of respect. Many of the approaches outlined above seek to explain deviant behaviour through rational reasoning as to why subcultures have developed. Some recent postmodern approaches reject this explanation for behaviour. Katz (1988), argues young men get drawn into crime, because it is seductive and thrilling, echoing Cohen. This is not dissimilar to Lyng (1990). He said that young males like taking risks and engaging in what he refers to as edgework; going to the extremities of acceptable behaviour and flirting with danger. Using the example of neo-tribes, Maffesoli (1996) introduced a postmodernist innovation in understanding subculture. He was unhappy with the idea that the idea of subculture had been transformed from a concept based on values, more into a concept of consensus. He believed subcultures should be though of in terms of fluidity, occasional gatherings and dispersal. Neo-tribes then referred to states of mind, that were flexible, open and changing. Deviant values are less important than a stress on consumption, suitably fashionable behaviour and individual identity that can change rapidly. As previously noted, subcultural theories are very masculine orientated. However, as Collison (1996) points out, sociologist may well have missed the significance of studying male behaviour in such detail. He said that in order to explain male offending behaviour, it is important to explain the nature of being male in our society and the links masculinity itself has to crime. Collinsons work on masculinity links closely to that of Connell (1995), who sees the existence of a hegemonic masculinity, in which males both conspire with and aspire to, and believes this drives them to deviance. This emphasis on hegemonic masculinity is very similar to Millers earlier works on lower-class values. However, Winlow argues these values are most obvious when the economic social structure is changing. He suggests that the traditional working class values fitted alongside physical work, which is now in decline, so they are restless and desperate to prove their masculinity. These values have dispersed due to the rise of office work. He further suggests that these problems greatly affect young males who are out of employment. So, to conclude, there are many different approaches to explaining subculture and its place in society, all of which are as valid today as they were when the original research was carried out, from studying the British Street Corner Groups in the early 1900s, to the participant observation of crack dealers in New York City, all of these theories are still relevant to the gang culture of today. However, looking at the theories, the one society can relate to most is Metza and Subterranean Values. This is very obviously prevalent in society today, from photocopying body parts at the office party and blaming it on the alcohol, to the men who get cleared of rape, claiming the victim isnt a victim as she was wearing clothes which led the man on. Whether subcultures do or do not share common social values will be disputed for many years, yet Mazas techniques of neutralization will be evident in society always, therefore, I believe I identify most with this theory, as it seeks to explain natural patterns of behaviour, not seek to infiltrate gang culture and lifestyles. Having said this, I am particularly interested in Bourgoiss El Barrio research as I agree with him and the dealers, crime makes economic sense, why work a nine-to-five for minimum wage, when you can earn enough money on your doorstep? Perhaps, if I had access to a criminal subculture, I would become involved as Cloward and Ohlin said, yet unfortunately my future is even bleaker according to them, a retreatist lifestyle involving drugs or alcohol, good job I believe Merton and feel I am a conformist, adhering to both the socially accepted goals and means.

Health Care Reform Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Health Care Reform - Assignment Example The reform is better for tens of millions of uninsured Americans will get access to an affordable, quality health insurance in the health market. On the other hand, in order to get the money to assist insure tens of millions, new taxes on higher earners are introduced. The taxes affect employer and an individual mandate. Also, from the reform, many uninsured Americans can access free or low cost health insurance by the use of their State’s Health Insurance Marketplace. In contrast, the individual mandate suggests that one must get health coverage and pay a fee or exemption if they can afford (Boucher, 2010). The reform is essential for Medicaid is extended up to 15.9 million people who are 138% below the line of poverty (Haugen, 2008). Conversely, not all States expand Medicaid since Medicaid is expanded by the use of the Federal State Funding. Thus, such regulations leave approximately 5.7 million of the people without any coverage options. The reform is also necessary for CHIP is extended in order to cover about 9 million children. On the other hand, the CHIP uses State Funding and Federal rules in executing their services. In this case, the Obama Health reform cannot drop individuals from the coverage when you are sick or make an honest mistake on your application. The reform does not deny coverage for being sick or being charged expensively (Haugen, 2008). The fact that the reform does not consider the gender is also a point of credit for the Obamacare. For example, a sick individual cannot be charged more for being a woman. In such cases, insurance companies must cover the sick people, thus increasing the cost of an individual’s insurance (Field et al., 1993). In general, Obama reform is important for small businesses are capable of getting tax credits of up to 50% of the employee’s cost of insurance (Forman, 2010). On the other hand, the consent of the employer